Sunday, January 26, 2020
Capital Structure And Cost Of Capital For Morrisons Finance Essay
Capital Structure And Cost Of Capital For Morrisons Finance Essay It is very essential in todays modern age to upgrade and promote business in such a way that functioning can take place smoothly. This assignment is about the capital structure and cost of capital for Morrisons PLC. Also in this project an analysis on if I was a project manager and had to design a new project for the company what all stages and things I would have to do; are mentioned. This study is based on facts taken from the company website and annual report of 2009/10. Other information is gathered from educational case studies, website and core textbooks on this topic. Introduction According to www.wisegeek.com [1] Corporate finance is a broad term that is used to collectively identify the various financial dealings undertaken by a corporation. In other words we can say that corporate finance is a division within a particular company that deals with financial operations of the company i.e. raising finances for various projects, analysis of various mergers and acquisitions etc. In the present world scenario, one of the most profitable sectors is retailing. Large scale retailers have become very powerful, in some ways even more powerful as companies than manufacturers. The British layman is highly dependent on these retailers like ASDA, Morrisons, Morrisons, Tesco etc so as to buy everyday use products and services. Even these retailers have broadened their scope of activity and have diversified into more than just everyday goods. One such retailer is WM Morrison Supermarkets PLC also referred to as Morrisons. Morrisons was a company started at Bradford market by William Morrison in the year 1899. Today it is termed as the fourth largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom. With almost 124,000 employees working in 403 stores across the nation, Morrisons has an operating income of  £671 million in 2010. The different types of products that Morrisons has to offer are as below:- Groceries Consumer products Fuel and Oil Pharmaceuticals Alcohol and beverages These are the major areas of business for Morrisons but apart from these also certain services are offered at different locations which are store specific. Morrisons has not yet set up base outside the United Kingdom but according to the company website and also the annual reports, the business can be divided into 6 main regions, namely Scotland with 51 stores North UK with 72 stores Midlands with 75 stores South East including Gibraltar at 63 stores South Central with 62 stores South West with 51 stores To discuss on the size of its business relative to its industry we can look at the report prepared by Edward Garner, 2008 [3] as shown below (certain areas deleted as appropriate):- TOTAL TILL ROLL Great Britain Consumer Spend Includes all expenditure through main store tills and excludes petrol instore concession 12 Weeks to 12 August 2007  12 Weeks to 10 August 2008 change  £000s %  **   £000s %  ** % Total Till Roll    26,615,239          27,621,890 3.8  Total Grocers    18,733,701 100.0%          20,076,033 100.0% 7.2   Total Multiples    17,402,359 92.9%          18,719,527 93.2% 7.6     Tesco     5,962,922 31.8%           6,351,531 31.6% 6.5     Asda     3,142,151 16.8%           3,410,431 17.0% 8.5     Morrisonss     3,016,586 16.1%           3,175,543 15.8% 5.3     Sainsbury     2,042,026 10.9%           2,233,137 11.1% 9.4   Total Coops        815,208 4.4%              846,405 4.2% 3.8   Total Independents        516,134 2.8%              510,101 2.5% -1.2     Total Symbols        183,349 1.0%              181,137 0.9% -1.2     Other Independents        332,785 1.8%              328,964 1.6% -1.1  ** = Percentage Share of Total Grocers According to this report we can clearly say that in comparison with other supermarkets, Morrisons is ranked as #4 in this sector. The performance over the last few years can be summed in by the use of a table as shown below: (all figures are in million  £) Year Turnover Profit or loss before tax Profit or loss after tax 2009 14,528 655.0 460.0 2008 12,969 612.0 554.0 2007 12,462 369.0 247.6 2006 12,115 (312.9) (250.3) According to the figures shown in the table above we can say that although 2006 was a tough and bad year for the company, its recovery process was efficient and planned. Through 2007 the company improved methods so as to maximize profits. The entire tenure has shown an increase in turnover for the company but although the turnover in 2009 was at its peak the company failed to achieve a higher profit which might be due to a variety of reasons that will be discussed in the project ahead. Morissons though been facing problems in 2006 2007 they have been winning awards and earning high percentage of profits with the production units of morissons as with special brewing, wines and bakery unit. they also have been The Oracle Retailer of the year 2009,The Oracle Retailer Week Awards, March 2009 Morissons have been pioneering in the retail sector comprising The Own Grocer Label awards, with gold and silver allocades among the retailers wining The Cloudy Apple Juice The Best Toffee Popcorn offering wide range of fresh farm products to freshly prepared breads and confectioneries within the nested units of morissons along with wide range of wine cellars and brewed beers and cafà © outlets within Financial structure The financial structure of a company is known by the balance sheet of the company. In what areas changes are required and in what ways are all known through the balance sheet of the company. For a person to analyze the balance sheet appropriately one must understand the basic concepts of the balance sheet as a financial analyst. After going through the financial report (balance sheet as well as the annual report) for Morrisons, I have come to a point where a conclusion can be made on the financial structure with relevance to turnover and operating profits, capital expenditure, earning per share, tax payable, return to shareholders and dividend cover. All these factors will help to calculate the standing of Morrisons. A brief study is also done on the basis of the return on assets to compare Morrisons with other retailers. Turnover and operating profit 2008/09 2009/10 Changes Turnover  £14528m  £15410m 6.07% Operating profit  £671m  £907m 35.17% Capital expenditure the capital expenditure has increased by  £228m and now is  £906m. This is due to the recent buying of the new co-operative and Somerfield stores at a cost of  £223m and a refurbishment cost of  £102m. Apart from this we can see a fall in the previous made capital expenditure. This is a healthy growth projector. Earnings per share the earnings per share has increased from 17.4pence per share to 22.8 pence per share. This is mainly due to the increase in underlying profits. There have been no other significant factors that would affect the earning per share. Tax payable the tax paid during the year is  £209m. In comparison to the tax paid in the previous year i.e.  £104m there has been a vast increase, this is mainly due to the effective tax rate that was increased and made 30%.This represents 50% of the tax for the year ended 1 February 2009, as well as 50% of the expected tax for the year ended 31 January 2010, and repayments of previous years. Return to shareholders the final dividend paid during the year is 7.1pence which shows an increase of 2.1pence per share in comparison to last year. This makes the entire dividend paid during the year 8.2 pence and the dividend cover 2.5 times. The calculation is as shown below Comparative study According to a study by Biz/Ed [4] the following information can be gathered on the return to assets and profit margins. As we can clearly observe in the table underneath, Morrison has the highest return on assets in comparison to any other retailer of food and the profit margin is also comparative higher than any other retailer. Company Return on Assets Profit margin Marks and spencers 4.43% 3.91% Morrisons 5.60% 3.61% Morrison 12.93% 5.87% Tesco 9.99% 5.72% Working Average Cost of Capital An average representing the expected return on all of a companys securities. Each source of capital, such as stocks, bonds, and other debt, is assigned a required rate of return, and then these required rates of return are weighted in proportion to the share each source of capital contributes to the companys capital structure. The resulting rate is what the firm would use as a minimum for evaluating a capital project or investment. According to www.investorwords.com [5] . The calculation for this is as shown below. All data is sourced from the annual report of 2009/10:- Current share price =  £277.50 (P1) Previous years share price =  £237.75 (P0) Dividend for previous year = 5.80 (D-1) Dividend for this year = 8.20 (D0) Increase in dividends = 41.37% The formula for calculating the cost of equity is as follows: Re = D1/P0 +G Therefore cost of Equity (Ke) = 10.6/326.25 + 41.37% = 41.40% Cost of debt (Kd) = Interest Paid/Average debt = 260/924 = 28.13% Therefore, WACC = Ke*(proportion of equity) + Kd*(proportion of debt) = 41.40*0.28 + 28.13*0.71 = 11.59+19.97% = 31.56% This shows that the average return that the company must pay to its investors is 31.56 % Project analysis If I were appointed as a project manager for the company, several roles would need to be fulfilled by me. For any new project to be successful the project manager is the key. The focus and aim success depends highly on the manager. The main functions for me in such a case according to Duncan Haughey [6] are as follows:- Planning and Defining Scope Activity Planning and Sequencing Resource Planning Developing Schedules Time Estimating Cost Estimating Developing a Budget Managing Risks and Issues Creating Charts and Schedules Risk Analysis Morrisons is a large retail firm which operates and sells almost all consumer goods. The latest expansion plan was too diverse into household furniture. The project being evaluated is the introduction of Morrisons into the furniture segment. The aims of such a project would be to beat Morrisons that has already started into this sector. The final objective of beating the other retailers would almost be fulfilled in such a way. Key determinants Initial Investment In order to conclude the early speculation for mounting into the manufacturing segment a careful research will be required on part of Morrisons. This would occupy looking at a business plan of a medium to large scale furniture producer. It will also involve hiring of an actuary to decide several costs. The recognition of accurate expenses necessary will involve hiring of engineers as well. An in depth study into the accessible furniture industry would be the best source of identifying the primary investment. Annual Revenue The quantity of cost to be incurred can be recognized with logical accuracy, however, annual revenues cannot. This is because of the fact that revenues are based upon demand for the product. Since Morrisons has been always selling furniture its growth in the furniture production will have reasonable sales if the quality is maintained. It can also be seen from the intensity of sales of Morrisonss own range of product labeled Morrisonss Basics. Annual Operating Costs The present level of operations of Morrisons is based upon buying and reselling. This indicates that there is a low level of in service cost. In order to make out the correct level of operating cost an imminent into the financial statements of a furniture company will be mandatory. Additional transport costs will require to be assessed as Morrisons operates in a number of locations of UK. In order to reap the profit of economies of scale Morrisons will have to generate a central production facility. This will add to the set cost and help to reduce the operating costs. Rates of Inflation Rates of price rises straight affect retailers like Morrisons. Specific inflation of raw materials like wood will unfavorably affect the company directly. General inflation will also have an outcome as the price paid by consumers will reap lower value in the future. This has to be accounted for in the project assessment. The sources of inflation will be in print data provided by the government. These will include national financial plan and forecasts. Rates of Taxation/ payment and Relief Rates of taxation are significant elements of capital budgeting as they affect the cash flow. The tax rates are always particular by the government. So there are no problems identifying them. Other than taxes several allowances can be obtained when investing in a fresh project. There are special release programs that promote investors to invest rather than take dividends. Furthermore the fixed equipment bought is also eligible for capital allowance which is a taxation relief. Risk When any project needs to be taken up, an analysis on the risk involved needs to be done. Risk can be known as the possibility of making a loss. If we wish to analyse this in terms of money then, we can use the formulae:- To manage the risk effectively I would carry out the following steps:- Identify threats the risk can be of various types i.e. overshooting costs, interest fluctuations, jobs taking too long etc. Estimate risk using the formulae given above, we can calculate the amount of risk for the proposed project. Managing risk you can manage risk by either utilizing the present assets or by creating new assets. Review testing systems and plans must be used effectively to check on the progress to manage risk. Due to lack of data, the figures that are shown below are fictitious. The assumption that the project will function in the way of the product life cycle. Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 Sales Revenue 1500 2000 2350 2550 Variable cost 620 680 720 860 Contribution 880 1320 1630 1790 Fixed Costs 500 500 500 500 Net Cash Flow 380 820 1130 1290 Taxation 30% 114 246 339 387 After Tax Cash Flow 266 574 791 903 8% Discount Factor 0.926 0.857 0.794 0.735 Present Value 246.31 491.91 628.05 663.70 Assumptions Initial investment is  £3000 Fixed cost is  £500 Variable cost is at 40% of sales Discount factor is 8% Tax rate is fixed at 30%  £ Sum of Present Values 2029.97 Written down Allowance 400.03 PV after 4 years 4000 Less: Initial Investment 3200 Net Present Value 3230 Quarterly report format Following is the table assumed for the year with four quarters considering the assumed forecast for the year 2011 Year Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Sales Revenue Variable cost Contribution Fixed Costs Profit The per quarter report starting for the first month of year for a quarter will be as follows Quarter 1 January February March Budget Actual Budget Actual Budget Actual Sales Revenue Variable cost Contribution Fixed Costs Profit The above comparative statement is for all 4 quarters of the financial year. Each quarter is divided into Budgeted and Actual. The report I would be sending to the directors if I were a manager the report would be in this format because it can be easily understood by the directors. If there is a difference between the budget and the actual amount in the statement then, this can be for a variety of reasons such as interpretation of budgets. If the difference is high then I would have to try and re-modify the budget for the next quarter and try and improve actual figures by all ways possible. References The role of a project manager; Duncan Haughey; 2009 a snapshot of the UK grocery market(2008); Edward Garner; TNS World-Panel http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-corporate-finance.htm http://www.morrisons.co.uk/Corporate/About-Morrisons/Company-history1/ http://www.bized.co.uk/compfact/ratios/ror12.htm http://www.investorwords.com/5849/WACC.html
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Creating Respectful Classroom Environments Essay
The article starts with notion that children are taught to respect others for position and age. Children are taught to respect elders and teachers, etc. This type of respect does not teach the true meaning of respect- appreciation of ideas, traditions, rituals and cultures of others. The authors suggest that children today are not taught enough of values and are bringing a wide range of behaviors to the classroom. It is important to create a respectful environment in the class and to teach children how to truly respect others. Literature is reviewed to define respect and what are desirable behaviors and moral values to be taught in schools and to point out the role teachers must play. The rest of the article discusses requirements for creating a respectful environment, especially the teacher’s role. Before the teacher can create this environment and teach these values, he must examine his own beliefs and values. He must then know and understand a lot about other cultures and backgrounds. The variables that constitute a respectful environment are then discussed. These include a) the emotional climate in the classroom where the students feel emotionally safe and valued, and b) respect for every person especially by interrupting degrading comments. Teachers must first be good models of respectful behavior and secondly teach the children how to respect each other and the materials and equipment. The article then provides a detailed and useful checklist to determine whether or not a classroom climate is respectful. Respect as a value once learned must be carried from year to year. The article presents suggestions for deepening the teaching of respect to increase the likelihood that it will be permanent. The suggestions include teaching cooperative learning, showing examples of co-operation and respect among teachers and administrators, involving parents and the community in the process and including multicultural education and diversity training in teacher preparation. This article was rich and informative. The explanation of respect and teaching respect was clear and helpful. The distinction of teaching children respect for age and position and its limitations was enlightening. I learned that teaching respect includes â€Å"appreciation of ideas, traditions, rituals and cultures of others†, and also â€Å"exploration of the viewpoints of others that might lead to the genuine tolerance of peoples of diverse cultures†. The major learning from this article is about how to create the respectful environment in the classroom. The importance of self-reflection as a teacher and of being a strong model of respectful behavior, especially to other teachers and administration was noted. The respectful classroom inventory, divided into three categories- the teacher, the students and the classroom, is a very helpful way to check regularly to make sure that appropriate practices are in place everyday. The suggestions to involve parents and community in the process also provide new information. And finally, and perhaps most importantly, what should be included in teacher preparation- multicultural education, diversity experiences and strategies in inclusive teaching to convey respect, fairness and high expectations, was not something previously learned or thought about. This article stimulates interest in creating a respectful classroom environment. It is hoped that appropriate behaviors are usually modeled and children are treated with respect. However this article motivates me to use cooperative learning groups to teach the children how to work together and respect for each other. These small groups can be set with children of various backgrounds and abilities to work on activities together. As they work together I will accomplish at least two things- help them to learn how to share and respect each other, and learn from my modeling as I interact with the groups. Reference Miller, R. and Pedro, J. (2006) Creating Respectful Classroom Environments. Early Childhood Education Journal, Vol. 33, No. 5. pp. 293-299
Friday, January 10, 2020
Whispered Social Change Essay Topics Secrets
Whispered Social Change Essay Topics Secrets Social problems aren't universal to each society and have a tendency to change rapidly. They arise due to various factors. The issue of poverty can be brought on by the nation which one finds his or herself. Issues with the environment are almost directly linked to poverty and difficulties with education. Folks must actively talk about the condition, which then attracts attention from the general public. They say that certain changes in the society need to be made in order for the country to move forward. Social networking is a brilliant approach to connect people with others across the planet. The exact same is true with homosexuals many of us do not understand them since they have other views, feelings, and other nature overall. It is very important to stay objective whilst writing this kind of assignment and convince your audience on facts as opposed to opinions. Whenever you have so many topics to speak about, choose what you're passionate about and it is going to be super-easy that you develop a considerable argument for it. The actual individuals highly praise our essay help site. Even when you have a personal liking or disliking for a specific topic, you should make sure that you give enough evidence to prove it. Social issues transcend almost every facet of the society, and thus, given the undertaking of writing an essay on social issues, one is indirectly given the opportunity to select from the plethora of topics within the area. Our site is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a massive quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. Writing and societal issues. For instance, the qualifications required to be a professional social worker is among the principal fields in the overall discussion of social work. Given such a job, make sure that you understand or have a notion about a particular social issue you desire to manage. There are lots of problems, even on your own campus, that should be resolved. For members of a society to relish superior life, the above mentioned problems need to be handled seriously. For a social issue to be classified as an issue, it has to be getting attention from the general public. If there's absolutely no method of changing what's happening, it isn't a social matter. Should you look around, you will observe social difficulties that affect society each day. One other important issue is providing parents with a chance to track their kids' progress. Whispered Social Change Essay Topics Secrets The cost of an essay is dependent upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. It is suggested to look for the one which has a great reputation and offers high-quality papers at economical prices. The issue with the weak ties in which make up the It Gets Better campaign is the dearth of motivation for a considerable number of participants. It could be a result of politician actually wish to have no social change and keep the ignorance of the common Filipino to be able to further their corruption of the government. Although the governments of the vari ous nations are adopting plans to prevent deforestation and lessen the temperature of earth, a strong public consciousness is strongly needed. Specifically, it's regarded as a severe type of sexual exploitation and a sort of slavery. As stated by the structural perspective, society is seen as a complicated system of structures that interact so as to execute various necessary functions. Survey research within the field of psychology isn't a differentit is rife with potential for social shift.
Wednesday, January 1, 2020
Is Our Society to Dependent of Computers - 1924 Words
Is Our Society too Dependent on Computers? Computers have found their way into just about every aspect of our lives, and in most cases, they make things easier for us. They allow people to work from home, socialize with friends and family, and they provide an ever-welcome stress relief from school or work. Since their invention, people far and wide have become increasingly dependent on computers. Children today are growing up in a world where computers are needed to do everything from controlling vicious heat seeking missiles to saving lives. The computers role in education is growing with increasing investments and technological innovation. The computer is a good thing, but the world must proceed with caution and a critical eye. As†¦show more content†¦Many end up in landfills. These are just examples of issues with household computers. Instead of writing a check, people whip out their debit/ credit cards to pay for things when they are short on cash. What happens when the internet goes down and they are stuck in the checkout line with two hundred dollars worth of groceries, and no way to pay for them because they do not have a blank check? What happens when everyone is driving their fancy, futuristic cars that run on a computer chip and something goes wrong? In a few hundred years, will anyone know how to drive the cars of today? People put their computers through a lot of grief because they dont quite know what theyre doing when they decide to fix a problem or clean up their hard drive, but there are also errors in programming, bugs that need to be fixed long after the product is out on the market, and there are always people trying to ruin a perfectly good thing with nasty computer viruses. Perhaps the most convincing argument, however, is the issue of safety. Aside from the issue of sharing personal information such as full names and addresses, there is also the bigger issue of stolen personal information. As our dependence on computers grows , so does our comfort level with them, people are more likely to save personal information to our computer. While it would be nice to think that it is always perfectly safe to do so, the fact is thatShow MoreRelatedSocietys Addiction to Computers Essay781 Words  | 4 Pagestechnology, computers have developed to be the leader of the world. Increasingly, computers are playing more roles in helping people to remember a friend’s birthday or maintain relationships with others. Therefore, they have contributed positive to the development of relationships and improvement of the general knowledge of the society. Critics however argue that the society is becoming progressively more dependent on computers. 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