Rate of Evaporation- Research Paper

Internal Assessment: Rate of Evaporation Ann George Mr. Frias/4th Period Wheeler High School Research Question How will changing the molar mass of alcohol affect the rate of evaporation, represented by the change in temperature over time, measured using a temperature probe? Research/Abstract Alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group, OH, is bound to a carbon atom. Its carbon center should be saturated; it should have single bonds to three other atoms. The different types of alcohols are determined by the kinds of CH2 groups while the number of CH2 groups there are tells you the volume of the alcohol.The acyclic alcohols are the most basic and one of the most important groups of alcohol. The general formula of acyclic alcohols is: CnH2n+1OH. There are different types of acyclic alcohols. The most commonly used form of acyclic alcohol is ethanol which is a clear, volatile, flammable liquid that boils at 78. 4?. It is used as an industrial solvent, car fuel, and as raw materials in the chemical industry. Ethanol is widely used as a solvent for human contact or consumption, including perfumes, flavorings, colorings, and medicines. Another type of acyclic acid is methanol, and it is also the simplest sort of alcohol.It is a clear liquid that resembles ethanol is odor and properties, but it has a slightly lower boiling point of 64. 7?. Methanol is mainly used as a solvent, antifreeze, raw materials, fuel, or as a denaturant for ethanol. Unlike ethanol, methanol is extremely toxic since one sip of methanol can cause permanent blindness. Two other kinds of acyclic acid are propan-2-ol and butan-1-ol. Just like ethanol, these two types of alcohols can be produced by the fermentation process. Propan-2-ol is a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor.It is the simplest kind of secondary alcohol which occurs when an alcohol carbons is attached to two other carbons. Butan-1-ol is a primary alcohol with a four carbon structure. Bu tan-1-ol is part of the group of â€Å"fusel alcohols† which has more than two carbon atoms and is soluble in water. It is used as an artificial flavoring that is present in many types of food and beverages such as butter, cream, ice cream, and candy. Pentan-1-ol is a 5 carbon atom. It is a colorless liquid with an unpleasant aroma. This alcohol can be prepared by the fractional distillation of fusel oil.Some uses for pentan-1-ol include being used as a solvent for coating CDs and DVDs, and it is also used as a replacement for gasoline. Each of these acyclic alcohols has a general formula as follows: ethanol is C2H5OH, methanol is CH3OH, propan-2-ol is C3H7OH, butan-1-ol is C4H9OH, and pentan-1-ol is C5H11OH. Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs only on the surface of a liquid. For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the liquid phase intermolec ular forces.Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation occurs more quickly at higher temperatures. As the faster moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have a lower average kinetic energy, so the temperature of the liquid decreases. Also, evaporation tends to occur more quickly on liquids with higher vapor pressure. Alcohol evaporates faster than water because water has extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules which results in its high boiling point whereas in alcohol, amount of hydrogen bonding is smaller as compared to water.This makes the boiling point of alcohol less than water. A major factor that tells the rate of evaporation is the intermolecular forces between the molecules. The stronger the forces’ keeping the molecules in a liquid state, the more energy needs to escape. Other factors that affect the rate of evaporation include the concentration in the air since air that has a high concentration of the sub stance will evaporate more slowly. Surface also plays an important part in the evaporation process because substances with a larger surface area will evaporate faster, as there are more surface molecules that are able to escape.Denser objects take longer to evaporate as well. The pressure of an object also effects evaporation since evaporation happens faster if there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from launching themselves. The formula to determine the evaporation rate of a substance is as follows. Change in Temperature Change in Time Rate of Evaporation= In measuring the evaporation rate of a liquid, a temperature probe is most commonly used to calculate the decrease in temperature. If the evaporation rate occurs quickly, the temperature will also decrease quickly.Hypothesis For determine the rate of evaporation of a substance, the change in temperature is divided by the change in time. Among the five previously mentioned alcohols, methanol, ethanol, propan-2 -ol, butan-1-ol, and pentan-1-ol, the rate of evaporation for the methanol will be faster. Methanol will evaporate more quickly because its intermolecular forces are the smallest since it has the lowest relative molecular mass. This shows that the molecules in methanol can easily evaporate.The butan-1-ol will evaporate the slowest because it has the highest molecular mass of all the alcohols given, so it therefore has the greatest intermolecular force of attraction. If the molecules’ properties are the same, then the intermolecular forces of attraction are proportional to the relative molecular mass. So as the molar mass increases, the rate of evaporation decreases. Materials/Safety * Safety goggles * 4 beakers, each one with a number from 1-4 * Methanol, ethanol, butan-1-ol, propan-2-ol poured into separate beakers * Pentan-1-ol * Xplorer GLX Pasco PasPort PS-2002 * Temperature probeProcedure For this lab we were to find the rate of evaporation for the five types of alcohols mentioned from above. First we put on our safety goggles to protect our eyes from the aforementioned alcohols since they could cause irritation in our eyes. Next we set up our Xplorer GLX PasPort PS-2002 to graph. After that, we dipped the tip of our temperature probe into the first beaker of alcohol until the graph flat lined. Once that occurred, we removed the temperature probe from the alcohol and held it above the beaker until the graph on the Xplorer GLX Pasco PasPort PS-2002 started to decline, ndicating that the liquid was cooling off since it was evaporating. This process was repeated for the remaining alcohols. Finally, the temperature change of the alcohols was divided by the time it took for the temperature change, so we could calculate the rate of evaporation for the alcohols to figure out the identity of the alcohols. Data Table/Observations | Change in Temperature| Change in Time| Rate of Evaporation| Type of Alcohol| Liquid 1| 7. 1? | -18. 5| -. 384| Methanol| Liquid 2| 2. 9? | -51| -. 059| Propan-2-ol| Liquid 3| 1. 1? | -64| -. 712| Butan-1-ol| Liquid 4| 5. 9? | -65| -. 0908| Ethanol| Liquid 5 (mystery)| 2. 4? | -34. 5| -. 0696| Pentan-1-ol| Figure 1: This figure represents the data that was collected throughout the experiment. For each of the five liquids, we determined the change in temperature, the change in time, the rate of evaporation, and finally using all the data that we has gathered we determined the type of alcohol that the liquids were. When we received the different beakers with different types of alcohols, the alcohols all looked same since they are all colorless liquids.We found the change in temperature was the part of the graph from when the graph flat lined at the top to when the line went down and just starts to come up. This part of the graph is the temperature change because when the temperature line begins to decrease, it indicates that the liquid is evaporating. We knew that the liquid was evaporating since when evaporat ion occurs, the molecules change into a gaseous state therefore absorbing heat. When the molecules absorb the heat, it cools down the surrounding environments temperature.Evaporation was complete when we noticed the temperature start to increase again on the graph. The temperature increase indicated that the area from where the liquid had evaporated was starting to get back to the room’s temperature. We also found the time it took for the temperature to change so that we could figure out the evaporation rate for each of the liquids. Results/Analysis The results of the experiment are as follows. Liquid 1 had an evaporation rate of -. 384, liquid 2 had an evaporation rate of -. 059, liquid 3 had an vaporation rate of -. 0172, liquid 4 had an evaporation rate of -. 0908, and liquid 5 had an evaporation rate of -. 0696. Once we determined the evaporation rate, we used that to figure out the identity of each type of liquid. The higher the evaporation rate was, the lower the molecu lar mass was for each of the alcohols. There were instances throughout the experiment were possible errors could have occurred. One such instance is when we took the temperature probes out of the liquids, so that the liquid would evaporate.If we took out more liquid on one of the liquids then it would have taken longer for that liquid to evaporate than the others. Also if we waved the temperature probe in the air, then the liquid might have evaporated faster than it was supposed to. Another factor that affects the evaporation rate is if fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. ConclusionsOur conclusions were right because as seen from our results, as the molar mass decreased the rate of evaporation for the substance increased. This is because more energy escapes if the forces that are keeping the molecules together in a liquid state are stronger. Thi s also represents that the evaporation rate of a liquid is inversely proportional to the molecular masses of the substances. Even though this does not full represent the relationship between the evaporation rate and the number of carbon chains that are in the alcohols, it supports the fact that they are inversely proportional.

Comment on the reaction of the characters Essay

How does Miller create tension in this episode? Comment on the reaction of the characters. (Pages 35-42) Eddie feels threatened by his young guest, Rodolpho the blond Italian immigrant. The reasons why Eddie feels threatened are based on the fact that Catherine seems interested in Rodolpho. Eddie being her guardian for so many years feels that Catherine is drifted away from him and blames Rodolpho for that. Eddie never showed how he really felt about Rodolpho but throughout this scene some tension between the two characters is clearly conveyed by their actions and words. The first clear sign of tensions arises when the main characters are talking about lemons on trees. Eddie makes a joke about how oranges are painted to make them look orange. Marco claims in Italy oranges are orange. Rodolpho then says that lemons are green. What Rodolpho said seems so non-provoking but Eddie uses it to sound resentful towards Rodolpho for no reason at all. Eddie openly expresses his feelings. Beatrice tried to divert attention since she senses tension arising by asking Marco personal questions. The tension does not become unnoticed. Eddie shifts the discussion they are having that girls in Italy are strict to use it against Rodolpho, once more revealing the bad feelings he has for him. Eddie point out to Rodolpho that girls in the states also are not so free and those girls without a shawl or a black dress are taken for less strict by some. Rodolpho picks up quite well what Eddie tries to say. He can see where Eddie is coming from. He is not that nai ve as we thought he was at the start of the play. Rodolpho can understand that this discussion is really about Catherine and the time he spends with her. He tries to defend himself by saying to Eddie he always has respect about Catherine. Eddie tries to explain to Marco what he is trying to say and Marco sensing himself some tension he replies to Eddie cautiously. Tension increases due to Beatrice’s intervention in the conversation. She clearly defends Rodolpho by telling to Eddie that Rodolpho didn’t dragged Catherine off. The same time Beatrice is going against her husband. Now we don’t only sense tension between Rodolpho and Eddie but also between the couple. Beatrice points out to Eddie to be an uncle to Catherine. She intervenes strictly. Beatrice plays an important role in this episode because she highlights the tension between her and Eddie and also tries to influence Catherine. She tells Catherine to explain to Eddie why she and Rodolpho were late. She is trying to get Catherine involved, to stand up for herself. Marco also gets involved since he is the big brother and â€Å"guardian† of Rodolpho. He tries to ease tension with Eddie. Marco advises Rodolpho on some things to please Eddie and calm things down. Marco also reaches the point of apologizing to Eddie. He feels uncomfortable. Eddie justifies his arguments that Rodolpho shouldn’t stay out late with Catherine because the more he is out the bigger the chances of him being caught. Beatrice once more defends Rodolpho. She says that the same chances exist in the daytime also. With the stage direction indicating Eddie is â€Å"holding back a voice full of anger† illustrates the conflict between the couple. Catherine doesn’t stay quiet with all these happening around her. The whole conversation and tension is about her and she gets her chance to react to Eddie’s awkward behavior. Catherine becomes provoking and in a way rebels against Eddie by asking Rodolpho to dance with her. From the stage direction we see Eddie’s reaction, he freezes. Rodolpho due to the tension and with respect to Eddie he denies her offer. Beatrice once more goes against Eddie by encouraging Rodolpho to dance with Catherine. Catherine takes Rodolphos hands and they dance. A provoking attitude towards Eddie. Beatrice being the distracter in the whole episode she tries to ease the conflict by changing the subject once more. Eddie becomes sarcastic on Rodolphos expense when Marco informs them that Rodolpho can cook. Eddie points out Rodoplho’s qualities several times to mock him. Eddie tries to suggest that Rodolpho is gay, a homosexual. Catherine defends Rodolpho by telling to Eddie that all the big chefs are men and get paid well.

Plain People

In this way, we can really see that after her amiss experience, Charlotte was a typical occidental â€Å"18-year-old girl† she was lazy, always grabbing a new technology stuff and only interested in fashion. Whereas now, after the experience, she is a whole new person with a whole new view about the world surrounding her, she starts helping her parents, only bye useless things and appreciate life for Its true meaning. 3- After the experience of Charlotte in the amiss community, she became a complete another responsible person.During her 6 weeks shove learnt the true meaning of life as explained above. Nowadays, her project is to became amiss but also to became a better person in the society and in her family. 4) Jones Family 4, Smith road Midfielder, OHIO First of all, I hope that you're well. For my part, I'm missing you like hell and I ‘m nowadays considering you as my second family. I don't think you can imagine how much my stay wire you changed me and my relation to the world.Before, Before eating you, I was the stereotype of the pathetic occidental 18-year-old girl who only take care of her. Today, I'm totally different , Eve a whole new vision of our world , I help my parents, and take care of them and of everyone who needs it. I'm really mature now, ‘feel useful in the society. And you're the cause of all this thanks to the fact that you helped me open my eyes and SE the worlds as it ‘s truly. Thinks I would miss Cell phone- Parties- Internet-Faceable- Mainstream- Twitter- Watchstrap- Modern way of remonstration- Music Freedom-Modern Clothes.Again, I hope all is well with you. And let me know if you ever need anything. I all miss you tons, you're my second family! Have a fun time, and stay safe. Please write back when you get this. I'd love to hear all about how everything is going. Sincerely, Charlotte Allison 5) In the case of being separated from these things, ‘would probably get mad because my whole life turn's around t hem, but I will need to adapt myself to this new woof living to find new hobbies.

Analysis of Military Leadership Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Military Leadership - Article Example Therefore, managers need to adopt good leadership styles in order to ensure that respective organizations or sectors become successful, thus facilitating the achievement of set goals and objectives. An officer commanding a naval military ship needs to adopt an effective and appropriate leadership style in order to meet the goals of the entire crew thereby being regarded as successful in their mission. This is because it is the commanding officer who is looked upon to offer direction and give orders on the course of action to be taken by the junior officers. Therefore, in case poor decisions are arrived at due to weak leadership, the entire crew will fail and the blame for failure will entirely lie upon the commanding officer in charge (Labarre, 1999, p.1). In order to reduce chances of failure, a commanding officer will need to apply appropriate and effective leadership when commanding the juniors. First, a commander needs to concentrate on the purpose of the mission rather than focu sing on the chain of command (Labarre, 1999, p.1). This leadership style will ensure that the commander does not seek for obedience from the juniors. Instead, he or she seeks to ensure that every sailor performs exemplary in his or her duties, thus ensuring that the entire team emerges successful. For instance, there occur situations when something goes a mess yet the commander is not in reach to issue orders. In such situations, the juniors can rectify the situation instead of waiting for orders from the commander (Iskra, 2012, p.1). This will ensure that the overall performance of the team is good and nothing goes a mess while there are people on watch. Consequently, focusing on performance rather than command ensures that the junior members of the crew feel appreciated since they are assigned individual roles to play. Therefore, every member of the crew will acknowledge the work and role of other members, and thereby develop the urge and morale to work hard and emerge successfull y within the entire group (Earnhardt, 2007, p.1). Moreover, by concentrating on performance rather than showing obedience will reduce the tension among the juniors and the commander. This is because, in some situations, there are some junior members of the crew who do not like to be commanded, and thus do not feel secure when commanded. This might reduce their performance thereby lowering the overall performance of the entire crew. Consequently, some of the commanders might be arrogant and thereby bully their junior members. They might bully or mistreat the junior crewmembers for either personal grudge or misunderstanding. This kind of behavior may affect negatively on the morale and relations between the commander and the juniors thereby slowing performance (Earnhardt, 2007, p.1).

Brand Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand Building - Essay Example Brand image is developed with time through strategies such as promotional campaigns and maintaining a consistent theme such as superior quality (Kotler & Keller, 2005). Conversely, brand image can only be authenticated by customers’ direct experiences. Therefore, proper segmentation, positioning and targeting are imperative to ensure that customers appreciate the company’s brand image. The purpose of this paper is to consider the renowned Samsung brand, discussing various strategies through which the company develops and maintains its position in the market. Part 1 The Samsung brand is one of the most renowned international brands. The Samsung brand encompasses a number of subsidiaries and affiliated businesses, which operate under the Samsung Group, a South Korean conglomerate headquartered in Seoul’s Samsung Town. Steve, who is a close friend, is an extremely loyal customer of the Samsung brand (Kotler & Keller, 2005). From his cell phone to his television and other technological devices, Steve only trusts the Samsung brand. According to Steve, his loyalty to the Samsung brand can be attributed to the company’s robust brand building activities. Steve argues that Samsung’s frequency programs and brand image building activities sustain his loyalty to the brand. ... Steve gave an instance of when his Samsung Galaxy Tablet experienced audio difficulties and upon taking it to a Samsung service centre, the problem was fixed almost instantly at no cost. Therefore, Samsung maintains and reinforces its positive brand image, thus maintaining the loyalty of customers such as Steve. Trust plays a pivotal role in enhancing attitudinal and behavioural loyalty to the Samsung brand (Clottey, Collier & Stodnick, 2008). Since Steve trusts Samsung products, as well as the brand’s positive image, he believes that Samsung’s competitive brands such as Toshiba, Sony and Nokia are relatively unreliable, particularly with regard to the quality of their products, as well as after sales services such as servicing, repair and maintenance. Steve also believes that certain competitive brands are targeted at specific markets such as Asian markets in the case of Toshiba products. Based on Steve’s assertions, it is clear that Samsung’s brand equit y is extremely strong, thus the Samsung brand is one of the company’s most valuable assets, which consequently enhances the financial value of the company (Jensen & Hansen, 2006). Elements of the Samsung brand that speak to its extensive brand equity include customer recognition of visual elements such the Samsung logo, as well as recognition of the brand’s values such as quality. The brand has, therefore, been able to position itself positively in the customer’s mind. The superior quality of Samsung products and the effectiveness of its frequency products make the brand preferable to customers within the target market. Part 2 According to Kotler & Keller (2005) segmentation entails dividing the market into small groups or

Audience Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Audience Analysis Paper - Essay Example New initiatives will be of less importance to them as long as the company is delivering decent results. They do not understand lot of technical data and things must be simplified for their understanding. 2) Sales and Marketing people: These would be a group of individuals who are motivated by higher sales figures. They are the ones who understand the different ratios which are used to determine the solvency, stability, capital adequacy of the company. One can use complex financial and accounting terms easily and assume that this group will understand it. 3) Customers: This group is one of the most naive in terms of technicalities of business or any financial know-how. They are more concerned with the product or service which the company provides and whether in future will it continue to deliver the same? Then don’t need to understand the ratios but will be interested in if company is increasing its sales by selling more to existing customers, or selling to more number of custo mers. They understand the business, but are not savvy enough to understand the balance sheet and quarterly figures. What communication channels are appropriate? Since this is a formal meeting, there is a limitation to using audio or video communication channel. It is difficult to convey financial data by use of an AV. But a presentation can be made which is friendly to both financial savvy and non savvy people. A presentation will help people get a visual perspective of the financial standing of the company. Footnotes at the bottom of each slide may include a note on explaining the technical part. This will help the customers or stakeholders who are not financially sound to understand the presentation better. Jargons like solvency ratio, PE ratio and Capital can be explain in crisp and plain language at bottom of each slide to ensure the message goes across the board equally. While the power point slide show is on, I will also need to take care of speaking relevant things as per the slide show. I would prefer not to speak what is already there on the slide, but to just add small explanations to why and how aspect. I shall also throw some light as to how those figures were derived so that everyone is at same level. Last but not the least; I would have a more discussion based approach than a monologue. This will ensure full participation by the attendees and their full attention to what is being presented. What are some considerations to keep in mind given the diversity of audience? Every individual come from a different background and hence they do not understand sales figures and financial information equally Expectation of each group of individual is different from the quarterly sales figure presentation. Customers will expect to see more sales and new initiatives, investors will seek better financial ratios and sales force will look for more profitability for better bonus Use of financial jargons should be judicially used as everyone might not understand the m To maintain the interest of such a varied group, creativity in presenting will help maintain the much needed interest of the audience. Financial sales data presentation otherwise may become very monotonous and fail to communicate properly How do you ensure your message is effective? The following care needs to be take to ensure the effectiveness of the message Use of power point slide

Business Strategy of a New Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy of a New Business - Essay Example These success drivers are obvious but it is amazing how many businesses ignore their importance. This is particularly true in difficult markets or economic recession where short term financial constraints lead to cost cutting. The mission of the new business is to provide high-quality delivery services to wide target audience. The original mission has made it clear that it is in the relatively unexploited sector that the new business sees its clearest opportunity for innovation. The new business sets out to create a range of high-quality services that are distinctive in type. The main goals and strategic objectives are to get and keep a customer. Also, the new delivery company is aimed to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable competitive creating value for their customers, select markets where they can excel and present a moving target to their competitors by continually improving their position. Three of the most important factors are innovation, quality and low cost (Chase and Jacobs 54). This technique is intended to capture the key characteristics of the environment in which the business operates. These factors, which may be supportive or constraining to the future development of the organization, provide the backcloth' against which the future strategies and plans must be formulated. In product delivery industry, corporate resources are balanced both internally and externally. Internal balance is achieved by the coordination of all marketing activity and its integration with the other areas of the business. External balance is concerned with the continuous adjustment of a company to its market environments through changes in product, price, package, channels, advertising, and selling. In this sense, marketing forces are viewed by the new venture as shaping the total organization and all the business functions (Drejer 92). Political changes do not have a great impact on this business. A special attention should be paid to economic processes (gas and oil prices) and demographic changes. Changing environments create market opportunities for the delivery company that must be reflected in adaptive corporate action. Resources cannot merely be directed to the cultivation of old markets if competitive positions are to be enhanced (Schien 77). Core Competencies For the new delivery company, core competencies are clear distinctive brand proposition and low cost, exceptional service quality and effective solutions for customers. Strategy theory based on core competencies-or technology, since these two words are not clearly defined as mutually exclusive conceptions-has become an alternative approach to strategy making. The new business deliberately plans a competitive strategy based on excessive inventory levels and long customer lead times (Pittengrew et al 71). Thus, there are some deficiencies in the organizational systems that can be solved only through a process of systems improvement. The applicability of operations strategies mentioned above is obviously greater in processes producing high volumes. The ideas for waste reduction used in conjunction with these systems are generally applicable: setup time reduction, better quality control,

Religion; Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religion; Islam - Essay Example The above paragraph may show a perspective that the Sufi would not agree to. Because, if the Sufi spiritual quest has to be considered rightful it should have been given in the Quran and/or the sunnah of Prophet Mohammad. Andrew Rippin, in his work Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, states that To defend Sufism several Muslims say that it was only a respond to the increasing materialism in the Islamic world. However, this argument does not answer the question. In fact it evades it. As even in early Islamic times and under the Prophet Mohammad’s leadership there was materialism and people enjoyed it. The legal nature of the Islamic system has never addressed the issue of materialism and so it was called insufficient by the people who became Sufis during their search for spirituality. This, Islam was called a religion of unspiritual nature. â€Å"considerable ink has been spent by modern scholarship on the ‘origins’ of Sufism in Islam, as to how far it is ‘genuinely’ Islamic and how far a product, in the face of Islam, of outside influences, particularly Christian and Gnostic.†2 Seyyed Hossein Nasr is a Muslim scholar, who in his work Sufi Essays, has shown his contempt of Islamic scholars of the West who are following the older system of detailing Sufism as some type of strange effect within Islam, and celebrates with the reality that â€Å"many are now willing to accept the Islamic origin of Sufism and the unbreakable link connecting Sufism to Islam.†3 While these are responses to the questions originally posed, they appear to be more worried with the preservation of the external manifestation of Islamic unity, than with significant academic research and assessment. Plenty of traditions about the life of Prophet Mohammad that the Sufis relate are not to be seen in the major hadith collections (Bukhari, Muslim, Kulayni, Ibn Babuya), and thus they are rejected. Nevertheless, within Sufi spheres the customs are preserved - and considered by

Speaker's response for Sports management class Essay - 1

Speaker's response for Sports management class - Essay Example The first was about starting in the business. The speaker was able to articulate the difficulty of not knowing what to do or being clueless about the job. I found that lawyers like the speaker tend to work on contract and facility issues, insurance, sponsorship and tax (Bhardwaj 2011). His perspective on how to address that situation is practical and something that I will remember if faced in the same dilemma. He said that one should be calm about it and approach it in a holistic and objective manner. I believe he wants a certain level of detachment that would enable him to focus, learn and avoid mistakes. The idea is get past the jitters, the ignorance and other work-related related pressures. Secondly, there is the case of needing to be appropriate at work and towards other people. The speaker was a lawyer and his work involved defense and prosecution. He stressed that it is preferable to work with adversaries professionally and not become rabid supporters of employers because in t he industry, everything comes in full circle. An adversary today, might be needed in the future. So it helps that one is level headed about work especially when the position entails conflict resolution. Which issues require more consideration? I would like to point out the issue regarding the alignment of interest. The speaker stressed that people should not enter the sports entertainment business because he loves sports. ... Essentially, lawyers deal with the law and with documents regardless of where he works. But he was unhappy working for corporations. There is a discrepancy when he clearly thrived and excelled in the sports management business. Obviously, he is a sports fan. This factor must contribute to a worker's motivation. A business manager and his counterpart who loves sports would have radically different approach in an issue because the latter would be more involved and passionate about it. I feel that this issue needed further clarifications. Where you do stand on a controversial issue? One of the controversial issues in sports entertainment management is the focus on profit. Sports managers tend to see organizational success as inevitable offshoot of single-minded pursuit for profit. I am against this wholeheartedly. I believe that this position is valid for several reasons. First is that America has very strong ties with sports and that its management is almost within the realm of public interest. According to Kelly, sports has occupied a major role in modern society, as element of the economy, spectacle with symbolic meanings and an arena of human development (226). A purely commercial organization could get away with greed for profit but the fans will never condone its pursuit if they think that the management and sports administration is harming the sports or their teams or making inappropriate sports decisions in favor of more money. This is supported by the fact that sports and its leading figures are considered product brands. Any inappropriate management decision can damage them and the public could simply cease patronizing. Baker and Esherik (2013) maintained that sports is still a profit-based organization

Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Stress - Essay Example Victims of terrorism are the most affected. They experience trauma for periods of time depending on the levels of shock. There are different types of victims, there are those who lose loved ones, those who witness the terror attack, those who survive the terror attack and those who hear about it first hand from close people. For example, in the September 2001 attack on the USA. Al Qaeda and Bin Laden attacks in the past have rendered so many afraid. The security system of the United States celebrates the death of Osama Bin Laden but however cannot forget the almost ten different attacks on their citizens and the many deaths caused by terrorists mostly of the Jihad culture. According to the USA security system, over seventy terror related reports were identified in a year in 2001. Many studies in the colleges and universities on terrorism and communication have in the recent past began. Post-traumatic stress has been common for the ones who lost loved ones. They experience a dis-attachment to the real world. According to Fields, the victims of terror experience a great feeling of loss. Some may feel guilty as to why they survived the 2001 terror attack. The incidents that happened recur in their minds and they are afraid that such an ordeal could happen again. The most common effect is isolation. It is easier for victims to isolate themselves from others; remain in the house or in familiar surroundings only. On the other hand, traumatic stress is characterized with the reluctance to express oneself. More so for the ones who witnessed a terror ordeal, they are withdrawn and they require guidance and therapy to overcome stress and trauma. The cost of living has in the past drastically changed. Each year, the cost of living keeps fluctuating. However, one thing is certain, life has become more expensive now than in the pats. There are more bills to pay and more that takes away

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay Example for Free

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay My room is my favorite place. The floor of my room is a golden brown carpet. A beige rug covers a small portion of the floor next to my bed. In an array of gloss and semi-gloss, shades of off-white cover these four walls. Entire sections are hidden by nearly a dozen posters of comic book characters, girls, or athletes. Along the top section of my wall I have my eight-teen hats. My room is about 10 feet by 10 feet so it is not too big or too small. I have a big window that is six and a half foot horizontally three feet vertically. When my window is looked out of one may view the front yard. I like having the window in the front a lot for two reasons one was so that when my friends come over kind of late they could knock on my window instead of ringing my door bell that way when they came if my dad was asleep they would not wake him up, he did not mind if they came over late just as long as his sleep was not disturbed. The other reason is that when my father comes home I am able to hear him so that way instead of coming home to find me watching television or talking on the telephone, which I was normally doing, he would come home to find me doing something constructive like reading a book or doing some homework which is the reason why I have my bed right by my window. Next to my bed is the same alarm clock I have had since the sixth grade. It was a Christmas present from my little brother. It is an Emerson alarm clock with a cassette and compact disk player. On the other side of the room are three things which were very important to me, my tv, my stereo and my bathroom. Every time I enter my room a feeling of lightheartedness comes over me. From the second I touch then twist that smooth brass doorknob to enter my room the negativity I face day to day is forgotten. In the winter my room is warm and cozy and in the summer my room is cool and comfortable. It is difficult for me to not want to lie in my bed upon entering my room when I know there is work to be done, from time to time I will lay down for five minutes or so then get to work. The feeling of my soft pillows against my head after a long day is one of the pleasures I am seldom robbed of when there is no work to be done. When I come to my room and there is no work that needs to be done I indulge in the comfort my room provides.

Ellen Moore Working in Korea Essay Example for Free

Ellen Moore Working in Korea Essay Ellen Moore has been assigned to a project in South Korea. The project is a joint venture (JVI) between Western Systems Inc. (WSI), a North American company and Korean Conglomerate Inc. (KCI), a Korean company. Ellen was chosen to run the project on behalf of Andrew Kilpatrick, who is part of the System Consulting group at WSI. Andrew was to manage the project on a part time basis from North America. He chose Ellen to lead project on site as a result of her strengths in project management. Andrew also felt that Ellen’s previous success working in Bahrain showed that she would be able to handle the cultural differences. Andrew was aware of the culture difference in Korea and before he sent Ellen he was assured by American consultants that as long as Ellen was qualified for the position she would be accepted. Andrew wanted to consult the Korean consultants on this matter but was assured by the American consultants that is would be ok. In addition to Ellen, Scott Adams would also join Ellen a few months after her arrival in Korea. What Ellen experiences throughout her time in Korea does not suggest that the Korean consultants are ok with her being a woman. Why is Ellen a successful manager? The following characteristics seen in the case make Ellen a great manager/leader: * Competitive Highly Motivated – Without these she wouldn’t have gotten so far so fast. Both of these characteristics are why she graduated high school at 16. Ellen loves to learn; a great example of this is her learning the Korean language as she sits in traffic traveling home from work even though she is exhausted, by reading the signs. * Teacher – She enjoys teaching and does so whenever the opportunity presents itself. Her natural leadership qualities show when after her short period of working with the group in Jack’s absence you see members of the team sticking by Ellen when this wasn’t the case prior to Jack’s absence. They are naturally following her. * Compassionate/great mentor- Ellen is a natural leader, this is evident when she finally gets her chance to work with the group while Jack Kim is away. Upon return he finds them questioning what he wants stating that they are doing something for Ellen. * Assertive- Assertive but no so aggressive as too turn others off. * Self Confidence- Ellen always exudes confidence. One particular example of this at the dinner with Jack and other colleagues. Jack asked the translator to not translate for Ellen, the translator is fearful of losing her job if she tells Ellen why, so Ellen interrupts Jack’s speech saying the translator is having a hard time hearing him rather than sitting there letting his show continue. * Respectful but not passive – She tries to understand why her fellow workers do certain things by asking questions of them to help her understand. An example of this is when she questions the ill Korean worker who refuses to leave until his boss does even though his work is complete. She illustrates respect for his values but tries to show him there are alternatives. What would you advise Ellen to do and why? Before advising Ellen it is crucial to understand why she has experienced the conflicts she has in Korea. Koreans are more influenced by Confucian ways than any other business culture including China. So what does that mean? * It is important to make a friend first before a client, Koreans need to have this relationship built so that you’ll be trustworthy, honorable and respectable to them. They value family and similar relations a great deal. * Korean companies are vertically hierarchal; decisions are made at the top and delegated downwards. Age alone can dictate seniority regardless of skills and previous achievement. * Confucian values stresses obedience and loyalty. In return for this obedience and loyalty a manager provides the support needed by subordinates. * It is important to have relationships established before holding meetings, in fact initial time spent in meetings is generally to develop such relations. This will establish your honorableness, it is important to do some research so that you who the more senior contacts are to show them respect. It is also important to have the right levels at a meeting a more senior level person would not be expected to meet with less experienced individuals from other organizations. * Confrontation is not a good thing, Koreans work well in comfortable environments and when it isn’t this, they will flounder and become uncooperative. This stems from their family virtues they like harmony. Although Koreans like harmony they can become quite emotional, likely as a result extreme hardship they have experienced in the past. If a Korean is quiet in a meeting it is a good sign that the meeting is floundering. * Koreans do not like â€Å"no† as an answer. You must listen for subtle clues that they are not happy they will not voice their objections loudly. If you are trying to persuade them it is very important to remain calm and polite at all times. * Gift giving is important. If traveling to Korea you should have a number of small wrapped gifts to distribute. A good bottle of alcohol is a popular gift. * Dress is important as well as body language. Slouching or over exaggerated body language would cause concern on their part. Proper dress would be dark suit with ties for men and no trousers for women. * The role of women in Korean business is evolving but is still highly influenced their previous values. Women are seen as being inferior to men, they often hold low level positions and rarely succeed. A woman from another country can be accepted but it’s likely they will not receive the respect that a man would. Koreans do not react well to confrontation and it is crucial that you build a relationship of trust with them. It is clear from the case that Andrew reaching out to Mr. Song sent him to talk to Mr. Park before he’d meet with Andrew, most likely to get his stance on the issues first. Korea has a strong since of family and Mr. Song as a result will most likely take the side of Jack and Mr. Park. Given this and now the confrontation between Mr. Song and Andrew I feel there are two options available to WSI, which Ellen should suggest. One is to have Ellen move on to a new project and either Andrew or her colleague Scott Adams become the co-manager along with Jack Kim. This will require time to repair the relations between KCI and WSI but if they want to continue on in Korea than this is their best option. They likely will need to make concessions to the Korean’s and the project will be considerably extended both on a financial realm and time. The second option is to walk away from the assignment. As noted in the case, Andrew and his managers viewed this as a favor to WSI and really had no plans of developing their business in Korea. I think that the first option is the best; failure or walking away could be detrimental to business for WSI and although SCG’s group itself wasn’t planning on doing business in Korea they are a part of WSI and therefore have a stake in the JVI success. Leaving the project would not only cost them their position of the leading system implementation in Korea but their reputation which would cost them other business opportunities as well hurt future growth. Andrew and his managers will need to work with Mr. Scott and Mr.  Park to assure the relations are established this will involve a lot of schmoozing. They will have to accept a longer project line as a result. With the proper strategy and patience I believe they will be able to build a relationship with the Korean group and have a success in the end. Of course, this would not involve any women within the WSI group. For Ellen, I believe she is better off convincing them to move her to another project. Given her objectives below she really doesn’t have much to lose from leaving the project and a considerable amount more to gain by moving to a new assignment. She is an expatriate and therefore should expect to stay on any project or any job for a long period of time. What are her objectives? Are these objectives and actions consistent with what you would do if you were in her situation? Ellen objectives are: * Run a successful project and have it succeed and accomplish what they had set out too. This is not only because she feels she has an investment in the project but also will help her career the better she does the better she looks. * Try to gain experience to propel her to her next endeavor. Try to get along with Jack Kim to help the project but also because it will help her be more involved with the others on the projects so she can lead/mentor them. * Learn as much about the South Korean culture as possible and coexist within this environment. * Ellen is an expatriate so she is also trying to make her time with the company as pleasant as possible in addition to achieving the goals set out by the project. * Ultimately, Career growth Ellen’s objectives are consistent with what mine would be if I were in her position. I also believe her actions and what I have advised her to do going forward is what I would also do. That being said, I feel the issue was more a lack of preparation before going to Korea. The team from North American did not take the time to build the relationships needed so that they could be successful in meetings and lead the consultants in Korea. Although Andrew expressed the need to assure the Korean consultants were alright with Ellen being a woman this did not happen. I believe that if they were consulted they might have been more receptive of Ellen. If for no other reason than the mere consulting would of help formed a relationship, started some camaraderie between the North Americans and the Koreans. Additionally, adequate preparation would of prepared Ellen for what she would likely encounter. Had she had this knowledge maybe there were different actions she should of taken during her work there. I stress the maybe; it seems to me she handled herself quite well. Finally, I am all for women rights but businesses need to succeed and in this case maybe the mere fact that Ellen was a woman disqualified her for this particular assignment.

Strategies Are Most Closely Associated Criminology Essay

Strategies Are Most Closely Associated Criminology Essay Sentencing a criminal for his crime may help to reduce the crime as a whole. The justice systems have made it their goals to impose sentences and punishments in order to provide an example to any other person who is thinking about committing that crime. People abstain from committing any crime when they know and fear the sentence is involved if they get caught. Some of the purposes to carry out criminal sentencing are reformation, retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. The rehabilitation strategy is usually carried out with a punishment. An imprisoned man may be given rehabilitative options like substance abuse counseling, mental health programming, or some education programs in order to keep him away from performing the crime again. Reformation is similar to rehabilitation. Reformation theory believes that the shame associated with the sentencing may cause the criminal to see the wrongs of his action and help him to move away from that path. How is each purpose of criminal sentencing served by indeterminate sentencing? By determinate sentencing? Which sentencing model (determinate or indeterminate) is more appropriate today? Why? Intermediate punishment programs therefore include less strict programs that are barely intrusive to the high impact restrictive programs that involve house arrest and a stay in a correctional centre. Rehabilitation, reformation, retribution and other purposes may be easily used for less riskier criminals. The same purposes and strategies may also be used in determinate sentencing. Determinate sentencing has set some guidelines that includes compulsory sentences with minimum effect and some long sentences for certain types of crimes. Determinate sentence is a prison sentence that has a fixed length and cannot be changed by the parole officers or any other agency. In intermediate sentencing, the criminals show more progress than the criminals in determinate punishments, but it gives too much power in the hands of the parole officer. Determinate punishment is often seen to be a tough punishment. There is equal punishment for everybody committing the same crime. Intermediate provides proper rehabilitation programs that somehow help the criminal to start a new life. Thus intermediate punishment is more appropriate in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society or increased crimes. Do you believe that three-strike laws can be an effective deterrent to crime? Are three-strike laws economically efficient? Explain your answers. The three-strike rule commands a minimum of 25 years to life sentence for the offenders who have any previous violent convictions as well. Around 23, 000 people have been imprisoned under the three-strike law. This lay attempts to decrease the crime rate either by imprisoning deterring potential offenders or habitual offenders from performing crimes in the future. The effect of three-strike law can be judged by examining the impact of the law on crime in the state of California, which regularly imprisons the criminals under this law. The three-strike law was passed in California in 1994 with the intention to lower the crimes by harshly punishing the offenders. But economically speaking, it is not the most effective law. The State of California spends around $5.7 billion on jails and prisons, which is more amount that they spend on education. Most of the crimes are occurred under the influence of drugs and alcohol or under the state of anger. Punishing them with life imprisonment may cause people to act more violently resulting the offender to perform a prison escape or murder a witness. So the money spent on the law goes to waste. What is restorative justice, and how does it build on restitution? How does it differ from retribution as a purpose of criminal punishment? Restorative justice emphasizes on the necessities of the criminals, victims and the community involved in it. In the whole process, the offenders are taught to accept responsibilities of their actions. They are encouraged to mend the damage they have done by doing community work, returning stolen goods and apologizing for their actions. Restitution is the action of returning and compensating for the damage and loss to the rightful owner. When a court orders the act of restitution, the defendant has to pay victim for his or her loss. The retributive punishments given to an offender changes his behavior as he goes through different programs. It focuses on establishing shame of guilt of what he did. Restorative justice focuses on what should be done in order to make his or her future more reliable and full of obligations. The programs that the offender goes through, ensures harmony and good relations with his community. It emphasizes on negotiation and dialogues and involves direct involvement with other participants. Do you believe that capital punishment should continue to remain a viable sentencing option for especially heinous crimes? Why or why not? Capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is sentenced to death as a punishment for his crime. It is being carried out in 58 nations currently and 97 have abolished it. It is often defended with the reason that a society should be protected for the safety of its citizens and when incidents like murders happen, they threaten the safety of our community. If the threat of a capital punishment remains in the society, it will stop a lot of criminals to perform certain heinous crimes that would ruin the peaceful co-existence of the society. Granting death penalties would also be setting an example to other offenders and it would make them think twice before committing any crime. The death penalty may be unjust in some case because the bad man with a good lawyer may win the case and the innocent might be punished instead. So it will waste a human life that otherwise would have had a whole life in front of him. How are habeas corpus appeals limited in capital cases? Explain the underlying rationale. Habeas Corpus is one of the rights that are provided by the constitution to each American citizen. In simple meaning, this right means that every citizen has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a body,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  but in literal sense it is the right of every citizen who has been arrested to have a trial in court to be judged whether he has been detained rightfully or not. Habeas Corpus is not against the arrests that are unlawful, instead ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a right given to a person so that he can be released lawfully from detention after his arrest. It is not performed as a substitute of a trial; neither does it prove the innocence or guilt of a person. It is a simple right that is put forward to specify that a person was detained and to justify his arrest. After the 9/11 attacks, most of the detained were known to be the terrorists. So most of them are not given the option to appeal against the capital punishment because they are considered to be terrorists that are worthy of getting a capital punishment. The appeals are overruled or not even given a chance and the offender instead receives brutal behaviours from the officers as well.

Hanson :: essays research papers

. What kind of authority did he have? What were his limitations? Was the principle disclosed? Is there a question of interpretation? Is the principal bound by the agents statements? Tests – 1. An agency is a relationship based on an express or implied agreement by which 1 person, the agent, is authorized to act under the control of or for another, the principle, in negotiating and making contracts with third persons. 2. A general agent is authorized by the P to transact all affairs in connection with a particular kind of business/ trade. 3. The usual method of creating an agency is by express authorization, that is a person is appointed to act for, or on behalf of another. **A majority of states, by statute, require the appointment of an agent to be in writing when the agency is created to acquire/dispose of any interest in land 4. An A. has implied incidental authority to perform any act reasonably necessary to execute the express authority given to the A. **3rd persons should recognize that a contract made with an officer of a private corp. may not be binding unless ratified by the P. 5. When the A, makes know the identity of the P. and the fact that the A is acting on behalf of that P., the P is disclosed. 6. To avoid any question of interpretation, an A should execute an instrument by signing the P’s name and either By: or Per: and the agents name 7. A P. is bound by a statement made by an A. while transacting business within the scope of authority. This means that the P cant later contradict the statement of an A and show that it is not true. Application –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Alexander Sumner Company is one that buys and sells real estate and has subsidiaries that act as brokers bringing together commercial landlords with businesses that need to rent commercial space. One of those subsidiaries is the Alexander Sumner Industrial Company which is a corporation. James Hanson works as VP for that corporation. As VP Hanson negotiated and made contracts with businesses to rent commercial space, for the AS Company. He was an agent for the company in many of these situations before, and so he did have the authority as an agent to make arrangements with Ms. Rogers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, when the arrangements were being made, Hanson told Ms. Rogers that a current tenant of a building had over 40,000 sq.

Comparing Two Versions of Cinderella :: Compare Contrast Essays Fairytale

Over centuries of children have been enjoying the classic fairy tales of the Grimm Brothers and Charles Perrault. The fanciful plots and the vivid details allow children to be entranced by characters and adventures that can only be found in these stories. One of the most beloved fairy tales, which both the Perrault and the Grimms have their own separate versions of, is Cinderella. Cinderella is able to show how both versions are able to feed off the same plots while personifying the century and social economic situation in which they have lived. Even though the time periods are very different (by 200 years) the formulas for their fairy tales seems to remain constant. Character development, which is very important in fairy tales is both well done and accurately portrays the living situation for a character in the time period of when it was written. Perrault's version seems to put Cinderella's family in a higher, well-off situation of the Grimm's because she is still abided to obey the rules that her dying mother had set for her. Something that you would see a women do in the late 1600's. Her higher class and the rules of her generation has set her to not have revenge on her step-sisters and helps them marry in the end, making a happy ending to the story for everyone. This also gives off the rules of the time to the young girls who would be listening or reading this story back then. They knew their place in society and tales like Perrault's reinforced it. The Grimm's version, titled Ashenputtle, has key elements in the story line that make it very different from Perrault's Cinderella. The theme becomes very different as the end of the tale results in revenge on the step-sisters from Ashenputtle. This variation in the story line represents the setting in which the Grimm's either lived in themselves, or the living situation of the people who related this tale to the Grimm's. You can see from the tales themselves though, that the amount of similarities is what brings them together, and represents the way that the tale of Cinderella itself has traveled, and evolved, orally through generations, all over the world.

Drug Testing Is Illegal Essay -- Essays on Drug Testing

Making a person take a drug test violates their Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights under the constitution of the United States of America. Recently, there has been an increase in companies and schools using drug test. Some companies force their employees to submit to a drug test before being hired and randomly while employed. High school sport regulations require that all student athletes give consent to being randomly drug tested. Other schools are going as far as making all students give consent to being randomly drug tested.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Fourth Amendment states, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.† By taking a drug test, a person is being searched and having a sample to be tested seized without probable cause, therefore, companies and schools using a drug test are infringing on the student or employees rights. In South Carolina, a hospital was drug testing pregnant women and reporting the positive results to the police. The Supreme Court found this to be a violation of the Forth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution’s protection against unreasonable search and seizures without probable cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a very large possibility for an error on a drug test. If a person applying for a job takes a drug test and gets a false positive, this would cause him to not be hired. Also, if a company randomly tests an employ...

The Good Life: Perspectives of Buddha and Confucius

There are several definitions of the technical term â€Å"good life† and there are countless standards on â€Å"how one should live†, however, there are two personalities that teach differently with regards to this. This paper entitled â€Å"The Good Life: Perspectives of Buddha and Confucius† intends to answer the following questions: 1) â€Å"What is the ‘good life’ according to Buddha? †; 2) â€Å"What is the ‘good life’ according to Confucius? †; 3) â€Å"How should one live according to Buddha? †; and last but not least 4) â€Å"How should one live according to Confucius? †. II. The Good Life According to Buddha The good life according to Buddha is to live according to certain standards that will lead one to obtain the â€Å"definitive life of bliss† (Thapar, 1966). In addition to that the â€Å"good life† is where â€Å"equal treatment† is experienced (Thapar, 1966). This is stated under the category â€Å"Sunyata† (Thapar, 1966). Furthermore, it also entails â€Å"nirvana†, which means that â€Å"whatever happens or no matter how disordered incidents may turn out to be, there will always be perfect peace, as well as, fairness in the end† (Gotiangco, 2001). Believing in such is already living the good life according to Buddha (Gotiangco, 2001). Moreover, living the good life is also to practice the combination of â€Å"compassion and wisdom† (Gotiangco, 2001). This means that individuals ought to show sympathy towards other people which may be achieved by â€Å"understanding the real meaning of life (Gotiangco, 2001). He reiterated that â€Å"wisdom should be developed as well to be able to impart the right teachings of Buddhism while compassion should also be present to be able to appropriately carry out the appropriately the teachings of Buddhism† (Gotiangco, 2001). Last but not least is to â€Å"develop wisdom and faith† which involves the conviction with open-mindedness to be able to see visibly other people’s point of view without any preconceived notion and foregone conclusion; belief with extremely profound contemplation to be able to be acquainted with its soundness; commitment with efforts to be able to really comprehend it; and confidence with realization to be able to recognize that there is really no difference between the belief of an individual and the truth (Gotiangco, 2001). III. The Good Life According to Confucius The good life according to Confucius is a never-ending aspiration for moral faultlessness/perfection (Gotiangco, 2001). IV. How One Should Live According to Buddha According to Buddha, one should live in a matter that observes the following: A. Essential Teachings First of all, the basic and essential teachings of Buddha should be learned and practiced by an individual (Thapar, 1966). These include the following: â€Å"1) the Four Noble Truths which include the following: a) Noble Truth of Sorrow; b) Noble Truth of Arising Sorrow; c) Noble Truth of the Stopping of Sorrow; and d) Noble Truth of the Way which leads to the Stopping of Sorrow; as well as 2) The Noble Eightfold Path which consists of the following: a) Right Speech; b) Right Views; c) Right Conduct; d) Right Resolve; e) Right Effort; f) Right Recollection; g) Right Mediation; and h) Right Livelihood† (Thapar, 1966). B. Steps to Follow to Achieve a Life of Bliss and Perfection Second is to be extremely aware of the concrete steps to attain â€Å"a life of bliss and perfection† (Thapar, 1966). The following should then be followed: 1) It is important for one to discover what causes suffering to be felt or experienced (Thapar, 1996). Buddha technically defined suffering as â€Å"anything that hinders preference or anything which go against an individual’s will, for instance death, illnesses, etc† (Thapar, 1966). ) It is needed for an individual to know what he or she should do to be able to avoid encountering suffering (Thapar, 1966). Likewise, an individual is obliged to â€Å"control himself or herself† and to â€Å"fight off suffering† which â€Å"presents itself through lust, negative emotions, hatred, lapse in judgment, as well as, self-centeredness† (Thapar, 1966). This is in connection with the one mentioned in Part A of this section/category that te achings should be read incessantly to be able to internalize it (Thapar, 1966). This is because such internalization and habitual meditation will play a large role in letting go of wants and release of disparaging mania/fixations which will eventually keep the mind and body of a person to be calm (Thapar, 1966). Of course, to live calmly is to be able to initiate goodwill and capability of delivering rational decisions which are all parts of the good life according to Buddha (Thapar, 1966). 3) Last but not least is to know what is technically known as karma (Thapar, 1966). Buddha said that â€Å"since the calmness, rational judgment and goodwill are already present then it can be claimed that rebirth or karma has already taken place (Thapar, 1966). A human being who now actually has better control of herself/himself may now attain â€Å"perfect bliss or nirvana†, which in turn is the objective of living and so the most basic principle to how one should live as well (Thapar, 1966). V. How One Should Live According to Confucius There is a set of standards that one should follow according to Confucius (Gotiangco, 2001). It entails being ethical and being humanitarian (Gotiangco, 2001). Specifically, there are three elements included in the aforementioned two and these are â€Å"human relations, virtues, as well as, rituals† (Gotiangco, 2001). All these components are required or needed to be able to meet the standards on how one should really live from the perspective of Confucius (Gotiangco, 2001). A. Human Relations Human relations should be very harmonious according to Confucius (Gotiangco, 2001). The five kinds of human relations that should be kept are the following: â€Å"1) parents – children; 2) husband – wife; 3) older – younger; 4) friend – friend; and last but not least 5) ruler – subject† (Gotiangco, 2001). He advises that â€Å"a parent should be able to understand what a parents really means; a husband should know how to be a good husband; a daughter or a girl should be able to internalize the allusions highly related with being a female or a daughter; likewise, a ruler or a subject should be familiar of being a ruler or a subject respectively (Gotiangco, 2001). He said that everybody is anticipated to â€Å"relate† in accordance with the aforementioned kinds of relationships to be able to achieve harmony and maintain stability as well (Gotiangco, 2001). B. Virtues He thus reiterates that all the members of the family should be provided with the proper training to be able to exhibit the suitable and proper values relevant to the relationship they are involved with (Gotiangco, 2001). The training referred to here by Confucius include the following: First of all is â€Å"loyalty† (Gotiangco, 2001). Second is â€Å"filial piety† â€Å"which is technically defined as â€Å"the Chinese way of showing respect to parents and ancestors† (Gotiangco, 2001). Third is known as â€Å"obedience† (Gotiangco, 2001). Last but not least is better known as â€Å"conduct† (Gotiangco, 2001). Confucius stated that to be familiar with the aforementioned appropriate values will help people be more conscious of what they are about to carry out and since it maintains good relationships with others then it is a way of living the good life (Gotiangco, 2001). C. Rituals There are certain â€Å"rituals† that must be observed (and should be instilled preferably during childhood) as well according to Confucius (Gotiangco, 2001). Some of these are the following: First is to provide â€Å"formal education† to individuals (Gotiangco, 2001). This is in addition to the parental assistance and regulation given to their children (Gotiangco, 2001). Second is the â€Å"worshipping of ancestors† (Gotiangco, 2001). This is important it is effective in instituting and upholding â€Å"high esteem, reverence, faithfulness, as well as, loyalty among the members of the immediate family, as well as, that of the clan† (Gotiangco, 2001). Third is â€Å"contemplative reading or meditation† (Gotiangco, 2001). Confucius stated that the aforementioned is needed to enlighten the mind, invigorate it, as well as, instill and advocate values like tolerance/staying power, self-control/temperance, as well as, calmness that’s welled up inside a person (Gotiangco, 2001). He added that in times of extreme conflict or catastrophes, such values will definitely help the person (Gotiangco, 2001). Last but not least is the training in what is technically referred to as the â€Å"Confucian Six Arts† (Gotiangco, 2001). Included in the â€Å"Confucian Six Arts† are the following: ) â€Å"Music and Literature†, which are considered necessary for the â€Å"purposes of humanism and finesse† (Gotiangco, 2001). 2) â€Å"Mathematics†, which helps challenge and eventually sharpen â€Å"mental awareness† and â€Å"logic† (Gotiangco, 2001). 3) â€Å"Callligraphy†, which actually trains one to become extremely patient and strong-minded/indomitable (Gotian gco, 2001). 4) â€Å"Martial Arts†, which helps and molds someone to exhibit exactness and meticulousness (Gotiangco, 2001). In addition to that, it encourages maintenance of the body to become physically fit (Gotiangco, 2001). ) â€Å"Archery†, which â€Å"according to the philosophy of Confucianism, is needed for the purposes of developing deference, as well as, agility† (Gotiangco, 2001). 6) â€Å"Chariot Racing†, which Confucius says that it highly increases fortitude/stamina, as well as, adroitness/dexterity (Gotiangco, 2001). 5) â€Å"Confucian Literature Reading†, wherein a child is compelled to read the following books everyday: â€Å"a) I Ching or the Book of Change; b) Shuh Ching or the Book of History; c) Shih Ching or the Book of Odes; d) Spring and Autumn Annals; e) the Analects; f) the Great Learning; and last but not least g) the Doctrine of the Mean† (Gotiangco, 2001). The aforesaid books serve as â€Å"directions† or â€Å"models† for people to follow and to light their paths as they keep up with life and face all the challenges/endeavors that may come their way (Gotiangco, 2001). Confucius reiterated that the aforementioned rituals is a critical part of â€Å"how one should live† and so it is very important to him to start early with the aforementioned rituals (Gotiangco, 2001). He said that traditions will not only be sustained, the community/society will be cultivated and taken cared of as well (Gotiangco, 2001). In addition to that, the spirit of reciprocity lives on as well† (Gotiangco, 2001). VI. Conclusion The good life according to Buddha is one that is directed to reach â€Å"a definitive life of bliss† while for Confucius â€Å"it is the unending desire to attain moral perfection† (Gotiangco, 2001). According to Buddha, one should live by knowing and practicing his teachings and following the step s to attaining â€Å"a life of bliss and perfection† while for Confucius, one should live by maintaining good relations, instilling virtues and observing rituals (Gotiangco, 2001).

Overview of the organization of Wal-Mart Essay

Today, one of the most common places known to everyone (Except Paris Hilton) is Wal-Mart. Last year, Wal-Mart had revenues of $191 billion and has 1,283,000 employees, as of 2002. Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in the United States, and is larger than any other retail chain in the world. Currently Wal-Mart operates over 4,150 retail facilities globally. According to the Fortune 500 index of the wealthiest and most powerful corporations in the world, Wal-Mart holds the number one spot, ranked by its total sales. The company is ranked as the second most admired company in the world by Fortune (www.fortune.com). With all these numbers, you would think they had a long drawn out plan with goals as long as their success, but when Sam Walton created Wal-Mart in 1962, he declared that three policy goals would define his business: respect for the individual, service to customers, and striving for excellence (www.walmart.com). Three very short, but successful goals, which have been worki ng since. As I researched goals and planning, Wal-Mart’s goals are not the standard goals that I found. In the textbook there is information concerning characteristics of goals. Characteristics of Well-Designed Goals: 1) Written in terms of outcomes rather than actions. 2) Measurable and quantifiable. 3) Clear as to a time frame. 4) Challenging yet attainable. 5) Written down. 6) Communicated to all necessary organizational members. Management (Page 166 Para. 1) As we redirect to Wal-Marts goals, we can see that they would not be defined as well designed. Not many of the six characteristics would fit Sam Walton’s goals. 1) Respect for the individual – This could not be considered for outcomes rather than actions nor is it measurable and quantifiable. It contains no time frame and I hardly consider respect as a challenge. However the goals were written and have been communicated to all employees. When it comes to the respect from Wal-Mart stores many individuals feel Sam Walton has lost his sight. I researched what others had to say about the goals. â€Å"Everyone says the store really got bad after Sam died,† one individual explains. http://members.aol.com/walmopboy/abuse/strl.htm (Look Before You Leap) The site contains articles customers and employees have posted about the treatment they have received at various Wal-Mart stores. 2) Service to customers – Once again this fits only the last two characteristics explained. It is written and has been communicated. 3) Striving for excellence – This, compared to the other two fits the characteristics best. It could be considered for outcomes rather than action, and could be considered challenging. It is not measurable and quantifiable, nor clear as to a time frame. However, it is once again written down and communicated to the employees. When I researched how well these goals were communicated to the employees, I found that they are printed on the hiring paperwork. Once the paperwork is complete the employees do not see or receive the goals. Therefore, I do not feel the goals are communicated effectively among the employees and organization. In order for the goals to be achieved, I feel the employees must be aware of Sam Walton’s sight. I believe the first step to achieve these goals effectively would be to instill them within the employees. They should be explained clearly and constantly. They should also be printed, in clear sight. This would help to  remind employees and show customers their attitudes. I also feel that the goals should have a clear time frame and measurable. For example: In one year, cut complaints to less than 20 per store. There should be some way to ensure the goals are being reached. By setting time frames and a measurable form the store can see how well or terrible they are doing. Resources: 1) Wal-Mart Homepage http://www.walmart.com/ [Accessed 18 July 2004] 2) Fortune http://www.fortune.com/fortune/ [Accessed 18 July 2004] 3) Wal-Mart Horror Stories – Archives http://members.aol.com/walmopboy/abuse/strl.htm [Accessed 19 July 2004] 4) Robbins, Coulter (2005) Management Eighth Edition Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Custom Publishing

Importance of Library in Our Life Essay

Libraries are only next in importance to schools, colleges and universities as means of educating the public. A library is a store-house of books-books of all kinds and on all subjects under the sun. A good modern library usually subscribes to practically all the important newspapers and periodicals. Books, newspapers and periodicals are the main features of a library and they represent the endeavours, achievements and glory of writers, statesmen, scientists, philosophers and saints. For a person of average means it is difficult to purchase more than one or two daily newspapers, but it is the keen desire of educated people to know all possible shades of opinion as expressed in various newspapers. The obvious course for them is to visit a library during their leisure and glance through the relevant pages of many newspapers which they think are worth the trouble. Generally a person does not subscribe to more than one or two magazines or periodicals and yet in these days of abundant supply of illustrated and pictorial journals most of us would like to have a look at the most attractive and interesting among them. This can be done only in a library which usually subscribes to most of the popular magazines. The best feature of a library is that it either makes no charge upon the readers or collects a negligible membership fee for making available to them newspapers and journals. This fact is immensely helpful to the ill-paid and poor members of society who, notwithstanding their poverty, are interested in the political, social and religious developments reported by newspapers. To those who are vociferous book readers, a library is all the more useful. Only a very rich man can afford to have a large private collection of books, while the desire to read books is now- a-days becoming more and more common. Besides, no private collection can be as big, up-to-date, and varied as the collection of books in a library; one can find books on history, economics politics, philosophy, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, literature, and languages. As the needs of various readers are different, a library serves a very useful purpose by meeting the requirements of all readers. The poorest man can go to a library, take out any book he needs and read or take notes from it without having to pay for the privilege. In this way, a single library benefits thousands of readers. Again, some books are priced so high that they are beyond the means of average reader, but they are usually to be found in a library. It is evident that a library confers incalculable advantages on the public only if they care to make use of it. A library has always a studious atmosphere. As we enter a library, we find ourselves surrounded by books and readers. We see books of all kinds and sizes reposing in their respective places, and earnest readers eagerly devouring the contents of the books they have picked up from the shelves. What is more, all possible facilities are provided to the readers. Comfortable chairs with tables in front, adequate lighting arrangements, and a librarian to help and guide the reader all these factors make the place a veritable sanctuary fit for even the most serious and zealous students. A library is even more useful to research students. A research scholar working on a difficult, obscure subject usually needs books that are very expensive and that are often not available in the market. Sometimes he may need to refer to original manuscripts not otherwise available. In all such cases he will find it very advantageous to visit the various libraries and collect his material. It is a stimulus to reading. It helps us develop a reading habit. Since its gates are open to all and sundry, to rich and poor, to professors and students, to scholars and lay-a-taste in books. In short, a library is a standing invitation to the public to come and read books as well as newspapers and periodicals. There is a wide choice of books and the library helps us to escape from the practical necessities of this world. And while there is a charge for traveling m a bus, for entering a cinema or a circus, for seeing a cricket match, there is no such charge for entering a library and becoming engrossed in a book.

Necklace: Writing Process Essay

Choose one of the following topics and write an extended (500-word, multi-paragraph) essay that expands on the chosen topic. Please use all of the steps in the writing process (pre-writing, proof-reading, revising and editing, etc. ). IN THE CONCLUSION OF YOUR ESSAY, DESCRIBE YOUR PERSONAL PREFERENCES IN LISTENING TO OR WATCHING FICTION AND DRAMA. Your grade on this lesson is one sixth (1/6) of your grade for this course. If your grade on this lesson is â€Å"D† or â€Å"F†, you must repeat it until you earn at least a â€Å"C†. A. What is life like in Ireland for â€Å"Eveline† and the boy in â€Å"Araby†? Think about their class/social position. Think about how the people around them treat them. Think about their frustrations and their dreams and possible futures. B. Discuss what happens to Mathilde in â€Å"The Diamond Necklace†. Why did it happen? How could it have been different? What would you have done in this situation? C. Explicate (explain) â€Å"Harlem† (a. k. a. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes. What is the main idea (theme) of the poem? Identify and discuss each of the 5 similes. D. The writer in you – Discuss your attitude toward writers and the writing and/or what you have learned about the writing process from this study guide. Do you like to write? If so, do you prefer poetry, stories, non-fiction? WhChoose one of the following topics and write an extended (500-word, multi-paragraph) essay that expands on the chosen topic. Please use all of the steps in the writing process (pre-writing, proof-reading, revising and editing, etc. ). IN THE CONCLUSION OF YOUR ESSAY, DESCRIBE YOUR PERSONAL PREFERENCES IN LISTENING TO OR WATCHING FICTION AND DRAMA. Your grade on this lesson is one sixth (1/6) of your grade for this course. If your grade on this lesson is â€Å"D† or â€Å"F†, you must repeat it until you earn at least a â€Å"C†. A. What is life like in Ireland for â€Å"Eveline† and the boy in â€Å"Araby†? Think about their class/social position. Think about how the people around them treat them. Think about their frustrations and their dreams and possible futures. B. Discuss what happens to Mathilde in â€Å"The Diamond Necklace†. Why did it happen? How could it have been different? What would you have done in this situation? C. Explicate (explain) â€Å"Harlem† (a.k. a. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes. What is the main idea (theme) of the poem? Identify and discuss each of the 5 similes. D. The writer in you – Discuss your attitude toward writers and the writing and/or what you have learned about the writing process from this study guide. Do you like to write? If so, do you prefer poetry, stories, non-fiction? WhChoose one of the following topics and write an extended (500-word, multi-paragraph) essay that expands on the chosen topic. Please use all of the steps in the writing process (pre-writing, proof-reading, revising and editing, etc. ). IN THE CONCLUSION OF YOUR ESSAY, DESCRIBE YOUR PERSONAL PREFERENCES IN LISTENING TO OR WATCHING FICTION AND DRAMA. Your grade on this lesson is one sixth (1/6) of your grade for this course. If your grade on this lesson is â€Å"D† or â€Å"F†, you must repeat it until you earn at least a â€Å"C†. A. What is life like in Ireland for â€Å"Eveline† and the boy in â€Å"Araby†? Think about their class/social position. Think about how the people around them treat them. Think about their frustrations and their dreams and possible futures. B. Discuss what happens to Mathilde in â€Å"The Diamond Necklace†. Why did it happen? How could it have been different? What would you have done in this situation? C. Explicate (explain) â€Å"Harlem† (a. k. a. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes. What is the main idea (theme) of the poem? Identify and discuss each of the 5 similes. D. The writer in you – Discuss your attitude toward writers and the writing and/or what you have learned about the writing process from this study guide. Do you like to write? If so, do you prefer poetry, stories, non-fiction? WhChoose one of the following topics and write an extended (500-word, multi-paragraph) essay that expands on the chosen topic. Please use all of the steps in the writing process (pre-writing, proof-reading, revising and editing, etc. ). IN THE CONCLUSION OF YOUR ESSAY, DESCRIBE YOUR PERSONAL PREFERENCES IN LISTENING TO OR WATCHING FICTION AND DRAMA. Your grade on this lesson is one sixth (1/6) of your grade for this course. If your grade on this lesson is â€Å"D† or â€Å"F†, you must repeat it until you earn at least a â€Å"C†. A. What is life like in Ireland for â€Å"Eveline† and the boy in â€Å"Araby†? Think about their class/social position. Think about how the people around them treat them. Think about their frustrations and their dreams and possible futures. B. Discuss what happens to Mathilde in â€Å"The Diamond Necklace†. Why did it happen? How could it have been different? What would you have done in this situation? C. Explicate (explain) â€Å"Harlem† (a. k. a. â€Å"A Dream Deferred† by Langston Hughes. What is the main idea (theme) of the poem? Identify and discuss each of the 5 similes. D. The writer in you – Discuss your attitude toward writers and the writing and/or what you have learned about the writing process from this study guide. Do you like to write? If so, do you prefer poetry, stories, non-fiction?

Brief Outline Of The Problem

Brief Outline Of The Problem 1. Introduction: 1.1 Background: In today’s world of business, information is considered as wealth. The more an organization knows about a particular course of action, the better it is equipped to get on such a pursuit and almost certainly yield success. Information is an empowering advantage that enables an organization to optimize and maximize itself and at the same time move towards their goals and missions. It allows contact with other organizations whether in a competitive or alliance stance (Claudia Klausegger et all. 2007). Managing all the information is the critical function of any organization and needs to be efficiently managed, otherwise it will lead to â€Å"information overload†, which then will contribute to inefficiencies, rising costs, and hinders in business success (Varian, Hal R, 2000). Information is gathered around the key functions of management such as planning, organizing, staffing, controlling and communicating. Among these functions, MIS is c loser to the controlling function as it provides feedback on organizational performance and helps in monitoring. Information management provides a practical insight into the techniques used in assessing the impact of information technology in a business. It uses technology for collecting, processing and considering information with a goal of efficient management (Gordon B. Davis, 2003). Information and communication systems address the absolute need for effective use of information and communication technologies in monitoring and acquiring data, computer-based modelling, and decision support and knowledge-based systems. 1.2 Brief outline of the problem: There so many new technologies out there in so many ways that one may now feel an overload of information, hence, achieving a diminishing marginal utility status in our brains. We have now therefore a need to organize and reorganize these pieces of information constantly as to be able to keep track of which of them are valuable to us and which ones are not. 1.3 Approach and Methodology: All the above will be achieved through desk research or secondary research, the use of recommended materials and lecture notes, internet and related industries. 2 Analyses: 2.1 The glut of information: Attention is undoubtedly one of the most scarce resources around the globe in both public and private sector organizations and increasingly so. There is load of information all around us, on our hard drives, our organizations’ databases, the Internet, printed documents, commercial publications, emails, subscription-based services yet we’re frustrated when trying to locate and use it (Kevin A. Miller, 2004). Organisations are being turned inflexible due to excessive growth or mismanagement of information – this state of overloaded information is called ‘the information glut’. Constant introduction of the information and communication systems does not make the situation any better; in fact it is lay ered over existing systems thus significantly increasing the information load. Therefore, planning and co-ordination of information and communication become of supreme importance to business success (Guus Pijpers, 2010). 2.2 Dearth of attention: Attention involves understanding how to work within an overabundance â€Å"information competition†, whether interfacing with customer, co-workers, or our own priority list. Leaders of organization, for example, must manage attention on several levels. They must direct their own attention to particular project and information, they must focus the attention of their employee on the most profitable activities, and they must attend to the most important buyers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. If the organization is to achieve its goal effectively, the need of managing its information is of critical importance (Iselin, E. R. 1999). The over increasing amount of digital information should not be viewed as a simple data resource or stora ge burden. Rather, it is an asset which holds an organization together. With the right approach, information growth can stimulate growth in the business. Without it, information can be a burden that contributes inefficiencies and rising costs, hinders growth and stiles innovation (Hanka, 2000).

Rainforest deforestation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rainforest deforestation - Research Paper Example Rainforests are home to the most important non-renewable resources on earth, and to take them for granted is unjustifiable. This paper discusses the effects of deforestation on the world’s existing rainforests. This section focuses on the major effects of deforestation, which comprise damage to rainforest biodiversity and soil. The severest problem linked to deforestation is species extinction. Although the rate of extinction has almost certainly accelerated recently, the crisis itself is old. The threat of rainforest species extinction if deforestation carries on was foretold more than two decades ago (Andersen et al. 2002). There are several explanations why species die out due to deforestation. According to Andersen and colleagues (2002), a major fundamental factor is linked to the huge diversity of rainforest species, which implies that each species normally has several individuals and is hence extremely vulnerable to strain and change. Strain arises directly from the destruction of the environment and related destruction of natural environmental functioning when an area of rainforest is cut down or burned. Scrapping of the forest ecological unit, without total extraction, such as selective logging, also produces strain for the species which are dislocated or removed (Park 1992). Damage to the habitat implies a shortening environmental span for each species and heightened competition for resources and survival in the lands left behind for habitation. Remaining species are distressed, as well (Bosetti & Lubowski 2010). A decreasing number of areas fit for habitation imply that the surviving species are left with no choice but to subsist in a smaller territory, confronting increased rivalry from each other and other species. Deforestation impacts the entire ecological unit. Each species performs an important function in sustaining the forest system’s fragile ecological equilibrium, and

Factors Affecting the Performance of Employees Research Paper

Factors Affecting the Performance of Employees - Research Paper Example The human resource policies and strategies of an organization are the key determinants of employees’ performance (Armstrong, 2006). For example, in my previous employment, there were various incentives such as Christmas bonuses to employees, which aimed at motivating employees. Despite the human resource policies and strategies, the interrelationships of various departments of the organization, inter-organizational relations, and demographic factors have an impact on employees’ performance. According to Armstrong (2006), human resources are valuable assets for an organization. Understanding the issues, which influence worker performance, may be key to enhancing employee’s productivity and morale. Organizations formulate strategies for providing an excellent work environment in order to attract and retain the best employees. These strategies should address those factors that affect the performance of workers. These factors may be within or outside the company, inc luding those factors emanating from the employee’s personal lives. The paper will discuss the following factors as determinants of employees’ performance. These factors include ability, knowledge and skills, feedback, environment, standards, and motivation.  Ã‚  Motivation is the key to an effective organization to sustain the stability of the work in a strong way and help the survival of the organization. Motivation is discovering a requirement inside the workers and assisting to attain it. Motivation enables employees to widen their skills to meet the organizational objectives. Motivation drives human beings to achieve their objectives and company objectives through each challenge and limitation they experience in their workplace. The need of accomplishment leads in a desire to put extra effort to have something done better and the desire for success. There are three internal forces that influence an individual’s behavior; direction, intensity, and persisten ce. In terms of direction, motivation is directed by objectives while in terms of intensity, it is the amount of effort allotted. In terms of persistence, it is the time and effort applied. The following are the five main approaches of motivation; Maslow’s need hierarchy theory, Adams’ equity theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory, Herzberg’s two-factor theory, and Skinner’s reinforcement theory (Herzberg, 1987). Maslow points out that there are five levels of employee needs; safety, physiological, ego, social, and self-actualizing. Maslow observed that employees are motivated when their low-level needs are satisfied first before the next high-level needs. Herzberg’s study classified motivation into two factors; hygiene and motivators. Intrinsic or motivator factors, such as recognition and achievement lead to job satisfaction. Extrinsic or hygiene factors, such as level of remuneration and degree of job security generate job dissatisfaction. Vro om’s approach is based on the idea that worker effort will result in performance, which will result in rewards. The rewards can be either negative or positive. The more positive the prize the more probable the worker will be extremely motivated (Armstrong, 2006). On the contrary, the more negative the prize, the less probable the worker will be motivated.  Ã‚  

Wet Lab. Cellular Replacement Therapy And Stem Cell Research Essay

Wet Lab. Cellular Replacement Therapy And Stem Cell Research - Essay Example When embryonic mouse stem cells were isolated more than 25 years ago, the significance of the discovery was soon realized. (Keller, 2005) there are many researchers and hold out hope for cellular replacement therapy arising from stem cell research. Specifically, embryonic stem cells, also known as ES - pluripotent cells are of great concern. They exhibit the potential to differentiate into a variety of final tissue types when they reach their ultimate, fully matured state. Embryonic stem cell lines are usually derived from a blastocyst, or in some cases an earlier stage of embryonic development. The 150 cells which at most comprise the blastocyst are able to differentiate into all types of body tissues. (Stem Cell Information, 2009) Most immediately, a pluripotent stem cell will give rise to the primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. From these layers, other cells and tissues differentiate but ultimately give rise to all internal organs of the future organism. (Schole r, 2007) Other types of stem cells, further in development also have uses in research and therapy; multipotent stem cells have some flexibility, but usually only within a closely related family of cells, such as cardiac tissue, blood cells. Furthermore, the cells can become Unipotent cells - which are not themselves per se, because they can only produce new cells of the exact same type. On the other end of the spectrum, are totipotent stem cells, these are fertilized zygotes which have the potential to grow into an entire individual, an embryonic stem cell from a blastocyst does not qualify.(Scholer, 2007) Cells can also be classified in terms of progenitor or precursor. Precursors exhibit recognizable traits of the function type they will become, while Progenitors are not outwardly committed to a cell type. (Rabbany et al. 2003) An extensive variety of proteins are responsible for differentiation of which much more research is needed. We are only now discovering the functions of re gulatory operators such as Shp2, or transforming growth factor-?, that aids in the expression of chorionic gonadotropin.(Burnham Institute, 2009), (Keller, 2005) A well-studied pathway is the process of hematopoiesis, by which stem cells give rise to various types of blood cells. (Mackey, 2001) There are essentially two branches to the hematopoietic differentiation process: the lineage beginning with a myeloid progenitor, and the lineage stemming from the common lymphoid progenitor. (Parslow et al. 1997) The lymphoid progenitor arises from the multi-potential Hemocytoblast. The lymphoid progenitor differentiates into what are described as T cells. Differentiation is possible into the natural killer cells, CD4 and CD8 types, known as large granular lymphocytes, from which no further cell lines arise. But the lymphoid progenitor can also become the small lymphocyte. This stem cell has the potential to become a T-lymphocyte helper cell, or a B lymphocyte, which can further differentiat e into plasma cells from which antibodies are produced. (Leishman et al. 2001), (Obeyesekere et al. 2004) But the hemocytoblast from which these types arise produces more cell types along the myeloid lineage. The myeloid progenitor can differentiate into four other cell lines; erythrocytes – otherwise known as oxygen-carrying red blood cells. Immature erythrocytes can be identified by the presence of a nucleus, since they are similar in size and shape to mature erythrocytes – but a nucleus is ejected from the cell upon reaching full differentiation. (Ownby, 2002) Another differentiation event results in mast cells, whose release of histamine and heparin is responsible for many allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Myeloid progenitors can also