Methods of tempering by water Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Methods of tempering by water - Coursework Example The revenue from the exports is then reinvested towards purchasing food stuff and machinery in order to sustain the rapidly growing economy of Qatar (Mclachlan, 2010). The current high oil prices are responsible for making sure that Qatar has a favorable balance of payment. It should however be noted that, the country’s dependence is not sustainable and its oil reserves are expected to be completely used up by the year 2023. This has led to the government of Qatar shifting its focus towards the development of the natural gas industry. The government has embarked on a plan to increase its production of liquid natural gas that has been attributed as being the major driving force in Qatar’s rapid growth levels in recent years. There are ongoing plans to expand the production of (LNG) exponentially, which according to estimates, will make the country the biggest exporter of LNG in the world. In 2010, Qatar’s major partner in import trade was the US and it accounted for 11.8% of all imports of Qatar marking a shift from Japan, which had been the main trade partner in exports and imports with Qatar. The country’s foreign trade has grown rapidly in recent years because of developments in the oil, gas industries and related infrastructure undertakings. In 2009 for example, the rate balance for goods rose from $ 25,555million in 2009 to $ 53,863million in 2010 which was an increase of 110.8%.I n 2010, the exports of goods including ere exports was estimated to be $95,736 million which was 75% of the overall nominal GDP. The total imports into Qatar between 2006 and 2010 increased by 41.4 % due to the improvement in, economic activities coupled with Qatar’s hydrocarbon increase in production and extension. A significant portion of the imported items included metal and machinery that are necessary for the development of the hydrocarbon industry of Qatar. Additionally, there were increases in expenditure on non-oil materials for

JP Morgan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

JP Morgan - Essay Example JP Morgan has exhibited social corporate responsibility in the following areas; (Jerry) I. It takes part in honoring the military, veterants and there families. The company has committed $45M to military and veteran programs and other initiatives. II. The company has also committed $600000 to fight to fight Ebola in the West Africa. This is part of its CSR.The fight for the dreaded disease has enabled the company to be part of the process because it is a disaster. III. JP Morgan has also launched Nature Vest to create mainstream market for investment and conservation. (Jerry) REPORT JP MORGAN CHASE AND CO CHAPTER: MARKETING Marketing is essential for a company to enable the enhancement of the general sale. This involves putting the right product in the right place, in the right time and at the right place.JP Morgan uses effective marketing strategies that enable it to penetrate over its competitors. Topic: The marketing mix This involves the 4 Ps i.e. Products, price, place ad promotion. Price. This is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering. Firms target to reduce to reduce costs through improving manufacturing and efficiency and increase the perceived value of its products and services to the buyer or consumer. (Friesner) Place. This involves the firm’s activities that make the product available to the target consumers. This includes the channel, distribution and intermediary.

Android Operating System Analysis

Android Operating System Analysis Android (Operating System) Revolution in Mobile Technology Abstract Androids mobile operating system is based on the Linux kernel and it is a software stack for mobile devices. This operating system is one of the worlds best-selling Smartphone platform. Android involves many developers writing applications that helps in extended the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 1,50,000 applications available for Android. Android Market is the online application store run by Google, though applications can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write in the Java language. The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Most of the Android code is released by Google under the Apache License. The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented applicationlication framework on top of Java core libraries . Libraries written in C include SQLite relational database management system, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL. The Android operating system, including the Linux kernel, consists of roughly 12million lines of code including 3million lines of XML, 2.8million lines of C, 2.1million lines of Java, and 1.75million lines of C++. Android logo Ascender Corporation designed the Android logo with the Droid font family. Version history After original release, many updates of androids have been seen. These updates focus on fixing bugs as well as adding new features. Each new version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The most recent released versions of Android are: 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which introduced HTML5 and Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support 2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization , Wi-Fi and Adobe Flash support 2.3 (Gingerbread), which introduced the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication 3.0 (Honeycomb), which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics. The upcoming version of Android is: Ice Cream Sandwich, a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a cohesive whole, with a possible release in mid-2011. Hardware Running Android The main supported platform for Android is the ARM (Advanced Risc Machines) architecture.ARM is one of the most licensed and thus widespread processor cores in the world. It is used especially in portable devices due to low power consumption and reasonable performance. Now a days cell phones, note books and tablets, including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab, TV and other devices can use the functionality of Android . HTC Dream was the first phone to run android, released on 22 October 2008. Features Current features and specifications: Bluetooth, edge, 3G , WiFi support. Camera GPS, accelerometer support. GSM telephony support. Integrated browser based on the open source webkit engine Media support for common audio video, still image formats. Architecture Architecture Diagram Android architecture has four layers: 1. Application Layer : Android is one of skillful and modifiable OS because of its many applications.Top 25 applications in the list below Goggle voice Advanced task killer Drop box Evernote Droid Analytics Documents to go Amazon kindle Places directory Tripit Seesmic FCC Speedtest Astro File Manager Got To Do Gist TED Mobile Pandora Shazam Dial Zero Google Goggles Google Skymap Tricodor Fxcamera Photoshop Mobile Bump Barcode Scanner These applications are written in Java Language. Screen Shot: 2. Application Framework Layer: Android applications are written in the Java programming language. By the help of SDK tools Androids code is compiled with data and resource file. An archive file has .apk extension. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application. By the help of this file, Android devices use to install the application. Android provides the ability to build extremely rich and innovative applications due to open source platform. These are the services which are provided by it like device hardware, access location information, run background services, set alarms, add notifications to the status bar, and much more. Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by the core applications. The application architecture is designed to simplify the reuse of components; any application can publish its capabilities and any other application may then make use of those capabilities .This same mechanism allows components to be replaced by the user. Underlying all applications is a set of services and systems, including: Set ofViewsthat can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and web browser Access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data by the help of content providers. AResource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files To display custom alerts in the status bar by the help of a notification manager. Lifecycle of applications can be maintained by an activity manager. 3. Libraries: Android system uses a set of C/C++ libraries which helps in functioning of its various components.. Android application framework exposes its functionalities for its users. Some of the core libraries are listed below: System C library a BSD-derived implementation of the standard C system library , tuned for embedded Linux-based devices Media Libraries many audio and video formats are supported by these libraries. These libraries support image formats like MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG. Surface Manager manages access to the display subsystem and seamlessly composites 2D and 3D graphic layers from multiple applications LibWebCore a modern web browser engine which powers both the Android browser and an embeddable web view SGL the underlying 2D graphics engine 3D libraries an implementation based on OpenGL ES 1.0 APIs; the libraries use either hardware 3D acceleration (where available) or the included, highly optimized 3D software. FreeType bitmap and vector font rendering SQLite a powerful and lightweight relational database engine available to all applications 4. Linux Kernel Layer : The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack. It contains the drivers for flash memory, camera, keypad, Audio, WiFi drivers , networking, file system access and inter process communication. Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. Software Development Kit The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a set of development tools viz. a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Android developer website helps in downloading SDK. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. Instead of using Eclipse (official IDE) developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML to create, build and debug Android applications. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/application folder on the Android OS. APK package contains .dex files ,resource files, etc. List of those features that android phones do better than the iPhone Browsing Desktop Connectivity PC Connection Multi-notification Endless personalization Market Goggle integration Open source Op[en to carriers Current Distribution The following pie chart and table is based on the number of Android devices that have accessed Android Market within a 14-day period ending on the data collection date noted below. Platform API Level Distribution Android 1.5 3 3.9% Android 1.6 4 6.3% Android 2.1 7 31.4% Android 2.2 8 57.6% Android 2.3 9 0.8% Data collected during two weeks ending on February 2, 2011

George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay -- essays papers

George Orwells Shooting an Elephant In George Orwell's essay "Shooting An Elephant," he writes about racial prejudice. Orwell is a British officer in Burma. The author is, "for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British"(842). Orwell feels caught in the middle of this cultural struggle. He sympathizes with the oppressed people of India, but is treated poorly, since he is viewed as one of the oppressors. He comes to terms with the role he plays in this vicious cycle of oppression , as an imperial servant, and the influence it has on him to shoot an elephant. The Burmese people are treated as second class citizens in their own country. They are oppressed, by the British empire, that has invaded their land. Being a police officer Orwell sees ...

Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts Essay

There are two many types of contracts in the world of business: Bilateral contracts and Unilateral contracts are two of them. Each type with its special form and rules. In the world of business, a bilateral contract† is one where both parties are to perform their promises or obligations at some future time but not necessarily at the same time†. And a unilateral contract â€Å"is one where one of the parties performs his promises at the time of making the contract and the other party promises to perform in the future† (Contracts, 2006). Which one is more common in the world of business? There are some reasons that make the bilateral contracts more common than the unilateral contracts in the world of business. Bilateral contracts have something called â€Å"mutuality of undertaking† which means each party of the contract has the same level of commitment. But in unilateral contracts there is only one party who undertakes the contract (offeror), and he will never pay the other (the offeree) party until he complete the commitment ,and he (the offeree) is not obligated to do it (Contracts, 2006). Under what circumstances would someone prefer one or the other? What really determines which type of contract to use is the type of business: 1. Bilateral contracts: A Bilateral contract is the perfect choice in trading processes. For example, if John (the offeror) offers to pay $20,000 for Jack (the offeree) if Jack gives John his car, then this is a bilateral contract (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: It is the suitable choice in any business depends on offering from one side, and it is up to the other party to agree or disagree. For example, â€Å"An insurance contract is a unilateral contract because only the insurer has made a promise of future performance and only the insurer can be charged with breach of contract† (Unilateral Contract, 2006). Offering a â€Å"reward† to anyone helps arresting a criminal is also an example of unilateral contract (unilateral contract). What are the advantages of each type for the offeror? 1. Bilateral contracts: For the offeror, the advantage that he gets using this type of contracts is that he guarantees that the other party in the contract will do his duties in the contracts. And the reason for that is that this contract is an exclusive contract between two parties, and the contracts includes â€Å"mutual contractual obligation† (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: The nature of this type of contracts gives the offeror an advantage by giving him many opportunities to make contracts. And that’s because this type of offers is like an invitation for any party who is willing to make a contract. What are the advantages of each type for the offeree? 1. Bilateral contracts: The offeree guarantees that the offeror will not break the rules of the contract, and he will get his rights. Both parties have the same position in the contract. The offeror and the offeree have the same level of obligation because of the â€Å"mutual contractual obligation† (Contracts, 2006). 2. Unilateral contracts: This type of contracts includes certain conditions, and the offeree enters the contract only if he is agree with it and able to do his duties. This contract guarantees the offree’s rights because if the offeree did his part of the contract, the offeror is enforced by the law to pay the offeree. The offeror doesn’t have the authority of â€Å"obligating the second party to perform† (Unilateral Contract, 2008). Conclusion Two different types of contracts with two different natures. A combination of obligation and freedom in every type. In bilateral contracts, there is a complete level of obligation between the offeror and the offeree. In unilateral contracts, it is not the same level of obligation, there is a high level of obligation if the offeree did his duties (Unilateral Contract, 2008). References Bilateral Versus Unilateral Contracts. (2006). Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www. echeat. com/essay. php? t=30968 Unilateral Contract. (2008). Retrieved August 3, 2008, from http://www. answers. com/topic/unilateral-contract-3 unilateral contract. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 4, 2008, from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/unilateral-contract. html

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Business and society are interdependent. The wellbeing of one depends on the wellbeing on the other. Companies engaged in CSR are reporting benefits to their reputation and their bottom line. We cannot build the case for CSR solely because of its economic benefits – an ethical case must be made for companies taking responsibility for the impact of their relations with society and the environment, otherwise the foundations of CSR will be far too narrow. However, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is becoming an increasingly significant category by which a company’s reputation is evaluated. A variety of social and environmental issues across a broad spectrum of industries have recently been covered in the media – all of which directly affect a company’s reputation and all of which can be considered part of the larger CSR equation. Whether CSR is considered merely the latest trend in business management or whether it is laying the foundation for a newly advanced way of doing business, a brief overview of recent business news and corporate communications shows that CSR is certainly a relevant factor for how a company positions itself in the marketplace. CSR There is no universally agreed statement of just what CSR means and implies, and ideas on the subject are still developing. All the same, a common body of policy has now taken shape and won general approval among those who favors the approach. According to this way of thinking, a combination of recent changes on the world scene and pressures from public opinion now requires businesses to take on a new role, a newly defined mission. They should play a leading part in achieving the shared objectives of public policy and making the world a better place. In doing so, they should embrace the notion of ‘corporate citizenship’. They should run their affairs, in close conjunction with a group of different ‘stakeholders’, to pursue the common goal of ‘sustainable development’. Sustainable development is said to have three dimensions-‘economic’, ‘environmental’ and ‘social’. Hence, companies should set objectives, measure their performance, and have that performance independently audited, in relation to all three. They should aim to meet the ‘triple bottom line’, rather than focusing narrowly on profitability and shareholder value. All this applies to privately owned businesses in general and in particular to large multinational enterprises. Only by acting in this way can companies respond to ‘society’s expectations’. Making such a positive response is presented as the key to long-run commercial success for individual corporations in today’s world. This is because profits depend on reputation, which in turn depends increasingly on being seen to act in a socially responsible way. Thus taking the path of CSR will in fact be good for enterprise profitability: it will bring and sustain support and custom from outside the firm, and make for greater loyalty and keenness from its employees. To embrace corporate citizenship represents enlightened self-interest on the part of business. There is also a wider dimension, going beyond the individual corporation. The adoption of CSR by businesses generally is seen as necessary to ensure continuing public support for the private enterprise system as a whole. Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility is necessarily an evolving term that does not have a standard definition or a fully recognized set of specific criteria. With the understanding that businesses play a key role on job and wealth creation in society, CSR is generally understood to be the way a company achieves a balance or integration of economic, environmental and social imperatives while at the same time addressing shareholder and stakeholder expectations. CSR is generally accepted as applying to firms wherever they operate in the domestic and global economy. The way businesses engage/involve the shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, governments, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and other stakeholders is usually a key feature of the concept. While business compliance with laws and regulations on social, environmental and economic objectives set the official level of CSR performance, CSR is often understood as involving the private sector commitments and activities that extend beyond this foundation of compliance with laws. From a progressive business perspective, CSR usually involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to respond to interrelated economic, societal and environmental demands in the marketplace. Many firms believe that this focus provides a clear competitive advantage and stimulates corporate innovation. CSR is generally seen as the business contribution to sustainable development, which has been defined as â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs†, and is generally understood as focusing on how to achieve the integration of economic, environmental, and social imperatives. CSR also overlaps and often is synonymous with many features of other related concepts such as corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate responsibility, corporate citizenship, corporate stewardship, etc. CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firm’s behavior (including its policies and practices) with respect to such key elements as; health and safety, environmental protection, human rights, human resource management practices, corporate governance, community development, and consumer protection, labor protection, supplier relations, business ethics, and stakeholder rights. Corporations are motivated to involve stakeholders in their decision-making and to address societal challenges because today’s stakeholders are increasingly aware of the importance and impact of corporate decisions upon society and the environment. The stakeholders can reward or punish corporations. Corporations can be motivated to change their corporate behavior in response to the business case, which a CSR approach potentially promises. This includes: 1)Stronger financial performance and profitability (e. g. hrough eco- efficiency), 2)Improved accountability to and assessments from the investment community, 3)Enhanced employee commitment, 4)Decreased vulnerability through stronger relationships with communities, 5)Improved reputation and branding. Historical context The view that a business can have obligations that extend beyond economic roles is not new in many respects. Throughout recorded history, the roles of organizations producing goods and services for the marketplace were frequently linked with and include political, social, and/or military roles. For example, throughout the early evolutionary stages of company development in England (where organizations such as the Hudson Bay Company and the East India Company received broad mandates), there was a public policy understanding that corporations were to help achieve societal objectives such as the exploration of colonial territory, setting up settlements, providing transportation services, developing bank and financial services, etc.. During the nineteenth century, the corporation as a business form of organization evolved rapidly in the US. It took on a commercial form that spelled out responsibilities of the board of directors and management to shareholders (i. e. fiduciary duty). In this later evolutionary form, public policy frequently addressed specific social domains such as health and safety for workers, consumer protection, labour practices, environmental protection, etc. Thus, corporations responded to social responsibilities because they were obligated to comply with the law and public policy. They also responded voluntarily to market demands that reflected consumer morals and social tastes. By the mid-point of the twentieth century, business management experts such as Peter Drucker and being considered in business literature were discussing corporate social responsibility in the US. In 1970, economist Milton Friedmann outlined his view that the social responsibility of corporations is to make profits within the boundaries of societal morals and laws (but cautioned that socially responsible initiatives by corporations could lead to unfocused management directions, misallocations of resources, and reduced market competition, opportunity and choice). CSR emerged and continues to be a key business management, marketing, and accounting concern in the US, Europe, Canada, and other nations. In the last decade, CSR and related concepts such as corporate citizenship and corporate sustainability have expanded. This has perhaps occurred in response to new challenges such as those emanating from increased globalization on the agenda of business managers as well as for related stakeholder communities. It is now more a part of both the vocabulary and agenda of academics, professionals, non-governmental organizations, consumer groups, employees, suppliers, shareholders, and nvestors. Diversity of Perspectives The following summaries of perspectives of different organizations serve to indicate the diversity of views on CSR that exist in Canada and around the world. They reflect the challenges and opportunities for both the public and private sectors to effectively operationalize and align CSR between domestic, continental and international levels. They also indicate the challenges and opportunities to develop the most appropriate relationships between shareholders and other stakeholders as well as to use the optimal policy mix of legislative and voluntary instruments.

How to Write a Good Psychology Essay

How to Write a Good Psychology Essay How to Write a Good Psychology Essay Writing a good psychology essay is not an essay task, as it depends on adhering to appropriate psychology guidelines for writing. The psychology essay topic should be thoroughly researched with qualified and credible academic sources, such as reputable websites, peer-reviewed journals and other reputable publications. In addition, the essay should be properly formatted according to APA style, which is the most widely used writing style by psychology writers. This style is defined by the American Psychological Association (APA). Choosing a Psychology Topic Although you may be allowed to choose your own topic, the professor often assigns psychology essay topics to students. These topics are often in the form of research questions. If you choose the topic, make sure it is course relevant and one that is interesting to you. If it doesn’t interest you, then chances are it won’t interest your readers either. Structuring the Psychology Essay Be sure to follow all required guidelines given by the professor and ask questions if anything is unclear about the assignment. Your first task should be determining an argument for your essay and presenting it well. You need a concise thesis statement explaining what the essay will highlight and attempt to prove, and this should be backed up with credible sources offering evidence and theories which support and oppose the argument. Once the argument has been determined, it can be used as a blueprint for completing the essay. The psychology essay structure should basically consist of six portions: 1) the title, 2) the abstract, 3) the introduction, 4) the body, 5) the conclusion, and 6) the reference page. Title – Make the title concise and interesting enough to capture the reader’s attention and convince the reader to continue reading your essay. Abstract – This is a summary of the essay argument, explaining how the argument will be proven. You should also include what conclusion you aim to come to in the abstract. Introduction – The introduction gives a brief outline of the topic and pertinent issues leading into the argument. It should be no longer than 10% to 12% of the total essay content. Body – This portion is where the essay topic and ideas are organized and is the bulk of the essay content. The body presents the argument and evidence for and against it, and it examines and highlights theoretical research pertaining to the topic. Conclusion – This portion is a concise summary of the main points of the essay. The argument is restated and information on alternative thoughts and reasons for further research are included. References – Be sure to use the proper citation and referencing style assigned by your professor. Psychology essays are usually in APA style.

Key Quotations Assignment Essays

Key Quotations Assignment Essays Key Quotations Assignment Essay Key Quotations Assignment Essay Leak entertains Stephan with stories from his memory but whenever Stephen listens to them, he feels as though he is sees of a man for being interested which demeans the way he sees himself. The image of what is expected to be a man [As he] observed the easy strength Of these men, the more certain he was that he was that he could never become a man had been imprinted in his mind because he was surrounded by people that he was expected to live up to and become. His father expects him to become strong and work as a pulp cutter. Stephen sees the image of what he is supposed to live up to and because of it, he was expected to scorn now that he was becoming a man compelling him to abandon his childish nature. Nolan emphasizes on the internal conflicts that Stephan has within himself by creating a kind of push and pull scenario for Stephan to overcome. On one hand, the stories that Leak tells Stephen keeps him entertained and happy but on the other hand, Stephan is expected to live up to his father expectations and fill in his shoes. He is forced to choose between his own desires which are his child-like side or adapt to the conformity to gain his fathers respect. Theme: Mayo try to hard kid. The Pollack murmured. You act as if the saw were the most important thing in the world. One of the targeted themes of the story as that becoming a man isnt everything. Throughout the first half of the story, Nolan showed that Stephan had internal conflict within his own mind as he had a difficult time denying his identity for the acceptance of his father, but as the story progressed, with the help of Leak, he began accepting who he is. He began to consider what Leak had to say and thought about something other than what his father wanted. He began thinking of his own desires and choices instead of having such a narrow mind and thinking of being something other than being a man just because his father wanted him to. He accepted the fact that being a man isnt the most important thing in the world. Nolan shows us the importance of being able to think for yourself and fighting against conformity and pressure allowing the open mind of possibilities and alternatives. Stephan sees that he can be more than just a pulp cutter. He also sees that he is trying too hard to be something he is not, which was what created that internal conflict within himself and comparing his own inadequacy to another. Symbol: In our house in Transpolar, there were glass roses. Pretty little flowers made of red glass. My mother was very proud of them. She would let no one touch them When the first bomb fell, farther down the street, the glass roses were shaken from the mantel and they fell on the floor and broke in a million pieces. There is not much room in the world for glass roses This quotation shows Nolan allowing the destruction of a beautiful glass rose. Through Leaks stories, Nolan uses the glass rose as a representation of Stephens innocence as it is considered beautiful and kind like the glass rose. As Stephen struggles with his inner conflict between manhood and childhood, he is torn between conformity and his innocence. When Leak said the glass roses were shaken from the mantel and they fell on the floor and broke into a million pieces, Nolan was talking about Stephens innocence and possibility of a broken childhood, if it were to be shaken, it would [brake] into a million pieces. This shows that if there were to be instability with Stephen, such as manhood and the pressure of it, it would overcome the fragility of his innocence and destroy the beauty of his identity, desires and himself. The glass rose also represents the friendship that Leak and Stephen have. When We think of a glass rose, We think Of love and beauty and because Leak acts as a shining beacon of hope for Stephen and that creates a beautiful friendship. Stephen learned to become more than what his father wanted him to be by acknowledging the fact that he was very proud of them. Stephen came to the conclusion that Leak was his friend and that means he should stand up for his friend. By doing so, Stephen overcame his inner conflicts whether he should follow in his fathers footsteps or his own. Stephen also acknowledges that there is not much room in the world for glass roses so once he overcame his weakness, he was able to prevail onto utter things such as pursing his desires within himself. Setting: Streaks of daylight were appearing on the black forested, snow- shrouded horizon. The wind had fallen somewhat but it was still raw enough to lacerate Stephens temples The setting Nolan created inferred that Stephen was isolated with nothing but negative influence and pressure from his peers and especially his father that is forced upon Stephen. The story is placed in a dark isolated forest where Stephen is forced to work every day in it but with streaks of daylight appearing on the black forested, snow-shrouded orison. It is used as a beacon of hope that shines in the dark for Stephen when everything else seems so bleak and misguided. The forest is used as kind of a sense of a barrier or shield for Stephen between him and the outside world as the wind had fallen somewhat but it was still raw. Stephen s perception of himself his fixated in the reflection of others but the light not only shows him hope but it also shows that when in the forest, Stephen feels as though his dreams are valid even in the dark. Throughout the day, Stephen is forced to face the disappointment in his fathers eyes hen his father sees Stephen as not a man creating an emotional impact on him. By creating the setting in the forest, it is Stephens way of trying to escape all the expectations and what he is supposed to live up to. Point of view: He thought of the dozens of trees he would have to fell before the end of the day, millions of trees he would have to fell before he died. For as long as he lived, he would kneel beside a tree, a slave to the monotonous rhythm of the pulp saw Throughout the story, Nolan slowly progressed with expressing more and more of Stephens point of view. In the beginning it showed that it was as if Stephen didnt have a point of view to begin with. Everything was so fixated with his fathers perspective on things that it blinded his own vision of his own dreams. This quote not only shows Stephens point of view but it also shows Stephens feelings for as long as he lived he would kneel beside a tree, a slave to the monotonous rhythm of the pulp saw. Stephen projects the thought of having to follow in his fathers footsteps in a negative light displaying a small sense of emotion, he feels as though the life he is living isnt he life he wants but rather the life that his father has built up for him and that worries him.

Buck ONeil - Address at the National Baseball Hall of Fame

John Jordan Buck ONeil Speech at the at the National Baseball Hall of Fame delivered 30 June 2006 Alright, sit down. This is outstanding! Ive been a lot of places. Ive done a lot of things that I really liked doing. I hit the homerun. I hit the grand slam homerun. I hit for the cycle. Ive had a hole-in-one in golf. Ive done a lot of things I liked doing. I shook hands with President Truman. Yeah. Oh, man, I took Oh, [shook hands] with the other President and Ihugged his wife, Hillary. So Ive done a lot of things I liked doing. But Id rather be right here, right now, representing these people that helped build a bridge across the chasm of prejudice not just the ones like Charlie Pride and me that later crossed it. Yeah. This is quite an honor for me.See, I played in the Negro Leagues. Tell you what: The Negro Leagues was nothing like Hollywood try to make it. The Negro Leagues was the third largest black business in this country. Yeah. First, black insurances to white insurances ten cent policy, just enough to bury us. But the black insurances insured our crops, our homes, yeah , our stock. They made millions. Next, Madame C.J. Walker cosmetology. You see that pretty hair over there? Dont you see it on Mrs. Robinson? Tell you what. Yeah. Thats right. Yeah. Yeah. Madame C. J. Walker was doing that a hundred years ago, and she made millions, to tell you the truth. Madame C. J. Walker was the first black woman millionaire in this country. And to tell you Madam C.J. Walker might have been the first woman millionaire in the country that earned it. They had other women millionaires but they inherited the money. Madam C.J. Walker earned it. Next, Negro League baseball. All you needed was a bus, and we rode in some of the best buses money could buy, yeah, a couple of sets of uniforms. You could have 20 of the best athletes that ever lived. And that’s who we are representing here today. It was outstanding. And playing in the Negro leagues what a lot of you don’t know. See, when I played in the Negro leagues I first came to the Negro leagues five percent of Major League ball players were college men because the major leaguers wanted them right out of high school, put them in the minor league, bring them on in. But Negro leagues, 40 percent of Negro leagues, leaguers, were college men. The reason that was, we always spring trained in a black college town and that’s who we played in spring training, the black colleges. So when school was out, they came and played baseball. When baseball season was over, they’d go back to teaching, to coaching, or to classes. That was Negro League baseball. And Im proud to have been a Negro league ball player. Yeah, yeah. And I tell you what, they always said to me Buck, I know you hate people for what they did to you or what they did to your folks. I said, No, man, I I never learned to hate. I hate cancer. Cancer killed my mother. My wife died 10 years ago of cancer. (Im single, ladies.) A good friend of mine I hate AIDS. A good friend of mine died of AIDS three months ago. I hate AIDS. But I can’t hate a human being because my God never made anything ugly. Now, you can be ugly if you wanna, boy, but God didn’t make you that way. Uh, uh. So, I want you to light this valley up this afternoon. Martin [Luther King] said Agape is understanding, creative a redemptive good will toward all men. Agape is an overflowing love which seeks nothing in return. And when you reach love on this level, you love all men, not because you like em, not because their ways appeal to you, but you love them because God loved them. And I love Jehovah my God with all my heart, with all my soul, and I love every one of you as I love myself. Now, I want you to do something for me. I’m fixin to get off this stage now. I think I done my six minutes. But I want you to do something for me. I want you to hold hands. Whoever’s next to you, hold a hand. Come on, you Hall of Famers, hold hands. All you people out there, hold hands. Everybody hooked up? Everybody hooked up? Well then I tell you what. See, I know my brothers up here, my brothers over there I see some black brothers of mine and sisters out there I know they can sing. Can you white folks sing? I want you to sing after me: The greatest thing come on everybody The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all of my life is loving you. The greatest thing in all my life is loving you. ¹ Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you, folks. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Now, sit down. Now, sit down. I could talk to you 10 minutes longer, but I got to go to the bathroom. Book/CDs by Michael E. Eidenmuller, Published by McGraw-Hill (2008)  ¹ = from the contemporary Christian praise song, The Greatest Thing by Mark Pendergrass, Sparrow Records (1977) See also: The Negro League Baseball Players Association and The Baseball Hall of Fame. Copyright Status: Text, Audio = Uncertain.

Organizational Behavior High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Organizational Behavior High School - Essay Example According to the essay findings every member of an organization from top manager down to operator needs clearly spelled out-objectives. These objectives should be derived from the goals of the business enterprise. Thus there is a need for every manager to spell out his contribution to the attainment of organizational goals in all areas of the business. The managers must understand that business results depend on balanced efforts and results of a number of business areas. The objectives of all managers at all levels and in all areas should be a key to both short range and long-range considerations. ; As the paper discusses organizations like an organism must adopt themselves to their environment if they are to survive and grow. The pressure for such changes comes from within the organizational leadership or from some external force. A desirable form of change should be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. Good managers, therefore, must conceive of an communicate explicitly to their employees the need for a necessary change. Change is virtually the characteristic of an industrial enterprise. The rate of change in industry has increased markedly as the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution that is going on at an increasing rate. Organizational change is the number one problem of modern managers. Change is inevitable. Management of change certainly does not imply random and unplanned responses to a changing environment. An organization consists of inter-related and interacting systems, to perform complicated tasks. Principal among these are: (i) Authority and power system or the system of work flow and process, (ii) Re-organization of the tools and techniques used in the system involving provision of better equipments. (iii) Change in the attitudes and behaviors and inter-personal relationships of people working in the organization through systematic manpower planning. Reasons for Organizational Change There are a number of factors both external and internal, which affect organizational functioning. Any change in these factors necessitates changes in an organization. The more important factors are as follows: Change in Environment. Every organization exists in some context. 'No organization is an island unto itself' Each must continually interact with other organizations and individuals - the consumers, suppliers, unions, shareholders, government - and many more. Each organization has goals and responsibility related to others in its environment.

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

American history - Essay Example The temperance movement was a culmination of growing religious and moral sentiments in the North. The main goal of the temperance movement according to Blocker, Tyrrell and Fahey was â€Å"to define and control alcohol consumption† (40). During the colonial era drinking was socially acceptable but in the nineteenth century it was found to be no longer respectable as it viewed as the cause of social evils. Alcoholism was often associated with evils such as domestic violence, poverty, crime, prostitution and poor health and as such needed to be regulated. The aim was not to ban drinking and eliminate the production of alcohol but to moderate its use as it was affecting the economic development. Later in the nineteenth century, the movement advocated for abstinence from drinking alcoholic beverages and this goal was achieved in 1920 when â€Å"manufacture, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages in the US and its possessions† was prohibited nationwide through the eightee nth Amendment to the US constitution (Blocker et al. 42). The first national organization responsible for temperance efforts was the American Temperance Society (ATS) founded in 1826. Women also played a great role in pushing for temperance reforms as they had moral influence. They did this through Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) formed in 1874. Another organization that played crucial role in pushing for legislative agenda was the Anti-Saloon League of America (ASLA). It saw the passing of eighteenth Amendment although it was repealed in 1833. The Educational Reform movement was also prominent during this period. Education was viewed as the cause and solution of many problems in the society hence it was geared to solving current problems of each epoch. Reformers like John Dewey believed that the society could only be reformed through education reforms (Horn 42). According to Berube (99) and Horn (41-55) there were

Madre Womens Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Madre Womens Rights - Essay Example (Pol, 2009) However, the Reagan Admin worked domestically to roll back the victories of social MADRE's founders knew that while women's traditional social roles and discrimination against women were global in scope, they are experienced differently, depending on race, nationality, class, sex- uality and other aspects of identity. They saw that building on the strengths of those differences while focusing on the universality of women's roles and women's oppression could be a key to building lasting political partnerships between women from different communities within the US and between US-based women and those in other countries. (Madre, 2013) These made them to resurface their strengths in early 1980s.They have been on the move ever since, cham- pioning for the rights of the women. Why women rights? According to the New York Times by Robin, about 78% of the women are not enjoying their dem- ocratic rights. They are denied the right to freedom, speech and are treated unfairly at the place of resi- dence. Ordinarily, they are considered as weak ves- sels who will obey every command from their hus- †¢ †¢ to situate their struggles in the global context. The training in- fuses local human rights strug- gles with the power of interna- tional law At the same time, we help the partners identify their lack of sustaining resources as human rights violation. We provide resources to guarantee that the international arena is acces- sible to grassroots activists.

The Ethics of Hacking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Ethics of Hacking - Essay Example For numerous cognitive minds, as the world has advanced over time, even the criminal patterns have discovered their new courses to satisfy the devil inside them. However, at this point it is essential that a clear distinction is drawn between the engagement of the ethical aspect, in endeavours that are believed to be rather criminal and immoral in nature, such as hacking. Before assimilation is rendered between the engagement of ethics, in the affair of hacking, it is highly imperative that a clear understanding is acquired, concerning the connotations attached to the phenomenon of ethics, as well as hacking. Primarily, on a rather basic level, the term Ethics, eloquently denote the motivation of the human acts or endeavours, based on the ideas of right and wrong, and the basic comprehension of the moral values and rules, pertaining to a substantial human intent, or potential activity. Hacking As discussed earlier, there have been numerous human practices that have altered the course s pertaining to the endowments rendered by the modern world, and amongst them is the phenomenon of hacking. It is highly imperative that before any substantial judgment is laid down regarding the involvement of ethics in hacking, the core construct of this phenomenon is comprehended. For a naive mind, the term hacking denotes the activity of cutting through someone’s computer or network system, and either gaining its entire control, or spifflicating the systems, the data or steal the records found in that system. Interestingly, numerous intentions are believed to be associated with such activity; for instance, as mentioned earlier, it is executed either to gain total control over someone’s network system or gain hold of substantial data and records; however, numerous immature minds, also execute such activities merely for fun and recreational purposes, either in a competition with their peer, or just to prove their mastered computer skills to themselves or their associ ates. Ethics of Hacking Interestingly, the primary connotation attached to the term hacking is widely negative and rather criminal in nature; therefore, It is interesting for a common mind to fight the comprehension of the involvement of the ethics in any possible criminal activity; either it is carried for the leisure purpose, or some other underlying objectives. With the passage of time, courtesy, the advent of technology, even the individuals involved in the acts of hacking have now turned into a community; and even they find it obligated to pursue their activities within a designated boundary or limit. It is imperative that a clear distinction id lay down between those who rigorously revere the aspect of ethics in this phenomenon (being hackers themselves), and those who ridicule the notion of ethics, and do as they please. According to numerous observers, the individuals who take pride in ridiculing the notion of ethics in hacking must simply be graded as computer criminals or terrorists rather than hackers. Now if the both terms, ethics and hacking are taken together, it can easily be assimilated that the act of involving oneself in the criminal intent, pertaining to the computerized activities; however, with a moral aspect attributed to it, or pursuing those

Asian Americans have faced from 1965 to today Essay

Asian Americans have faced from 1965 to today - Essay Example They also believe that the affirmative action has affected them in a negative way in regard to admissions to the best universities. For instance, in 1978, the United States Supreme Court gave a ruling that stated that the universities could consider the student’s race during admissions. Majority of the universities adopted this diversity policy in order to attain a student body that was more diverse. However, this diversity policy led to the admission of fewer Asian Americans into universities (Lee 33). Participation in politics is also another issue or problem faced by the Asian Americans. They have attempted to participate in politics in many ways and one of them is through donating money. However, the donations have been viewed as means through which the Asians are attempting to influence Americans politics to their benefits. For instance, in 1996, the Democratic Party was looking for funds for the reelection of President Clinton. Much later the Democrats were blamed for illegally accepting money from the foreigners; these foreigners as identified by the Congressional Republicans and the media were Asians. From this scenario, it is evident that the Asian Americans affected by racial profiling and prejudice regardless of their political affiliations. Their attempts to succeed both in the political and civic leadership are met with strong allegations that they have evil plans to dominate the world (Le 1). Another issue facing the Asians Americans is the great disparity in terms of socioeconomic status, occupation, and education among the subgroups. Some of the Asian subgroups like the Cambodians and the Laotians do not possess a high school diploma. Previously, education has been linked to high-income levels and professional skills but it is also linked to access to health care services. Majority of the Asian Americans are either poor or working for minimum wage and they have no access to

Memo to the teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memo to the teacher - Essay Example This memo will seek to clarify the problems in the topic (the Mozart) and send it to the respective recipient with solutions. The structure and presentation of the Mozart advert topic is ambiguous. Specifically, an effective topic of a memo possesses the element of information. In this case, a topic of a memo appears effective when it provides readers with substantial information about the purpose of the article. Additionally, a sound memo topic makes a recommendation or simply asks for action after describing its content Concerning the Mozart advert topic, analysis shows that it does not support the school’s position. This leaves the readers with questionable doubts about the point of view of either the advert or the institution. A closer outlook into this topic reveals that the advert seeks to persuade. However, the since its topic seems to have a bit of problems, it is vital to provide a list of solutions in order to avoid repetition of such a thing in the future. First, the Mozart advert should restructure its topic and provide a precise, persuasive heading that grabs the concentration of every single reader. A persuasive advert increases the number of readers, which in turn increases the number of people taking action. Taking action in this scenario means having more students enrolling for music classes in Mozart School of Music. Lastly, this memo serves to suggest a specific action whose aim is to improve the current situation. Regarding the Mozart ad topic, the problem of ambiguity and obviousness needs to be addressed through changing it to have a persuasive message with a recommendable course of action in the end. Further still, the Mozart ad is clear with regard to the second component of a memorandum. This is so because it shows the benefits that a student will get upon enrolling at Mozart School of Music. I am sure that you will find these solutions valuable and approve them for action. I also the change will take course immediately as

Asian Americans have faced from 1965 to today Essay

Asian Americans have faced from 1965 to today - Essay Example They also believe that the affirmative action has affected them in a negative way in regard to admissions to the best universities. For instance, in 1978, the United States Supreme Court gave a ruling that stated that the universities could consider the student’s race during admissions. Majority of the universities adopted this diversity policy in order to attain a student body that was more diverse. However, this diversity policy led to the admission of fewer Asian Americans into universities (Lee 33). Participation in politics is also another issue or problem faced by the Asian Americans. They have attempted to participate in politics in many ways and one of them is through donating money. However, the donations have been viewed as means through which the Asians are attempting to influence Americans politics to their benefits. For instance, in 1996, the Democratic Party was looking for funds for the reelection of President Clinton. Much later the Democrats were blamed for illegally accepting money from the foreigners; these foreigners as identified by the Congressional Republicans and the media were Asians. From this scenario, it is evident that the Asian Americans affected by racial profiling and prejudice regardless of their political affiliations. Their attempts to succeed both in the political and civic leadership are met with strong allegations that they have evil plans to dominate the world (Le 1). Another issue facing the Asians Americans is the great disparity in terms of socioeconomic status, occupation, and education among the subgroups. Some of the Asian subgroups like the Cambodians and the Laotians do not possess a high school diploma. Previously, education has been linked to high-income levels and professional skills but it is also linked to access to health care services. Majority of the Asian Americans are either poor or working for minimum wage and they have no access to

The Olympic Games Essay Example for Free

The Olympic Games Essay Introduction: The Olympic Games is one of the earliest Pan-Hellenic festival as well as its modern revival. The Games as held today, is the largest showcase and competition of the world’s best athletic skills and sportsmanship. It embodies and promotes nationalism, politics and commerce among competing nations. The coming together for participation promotes unity among nations while national pride upholds the competitive spirit. The existence of such opposing elements during Olympic Games can be found not only today but could also be traced during its early versions. Their high ideal, as opposed to commercialism and politics has been observed even from its ancient celebrations. The origin of the early games is obscure but the date of the first festival is traditionally 776 B.C. at Olympia. This was the year from which the Greeks dated their chronology in Olympiads and about the same year that Homer was born. Thereafter, the festival was held in quadrennials in celebration of each new Olympiad (or every after four years). The festivities were closely related with religious rites but it also includes athletic contests, oratory, music, poetry, and other art forms. It was during the late 19th century that the Olympic Games were revived as an international athletic contest, retaining the ideals of the original Olympian festival and some of the events in its modified form. Although its initial revival was successful, it was not spared from a few hurdles. Over the years, the Games continued to attract international participants. About 203 countries are now involved in the Olympics, as compared to 14 participating countries way back in 1896. The current numbers of participating countries are markedly higher than the recognized 193 countries by the United Nations. Reason of which comes from the International Olympic Committee’s regulations, which allows nations that had not been duly recognized by the United Nations to participate and compete. Consequently, colonies of other member nation are allowed to organize their own Olympic teams and make representations even though their athletes hold the same citizenship of another competing nation. Taiwan for example, used to compete as â€Å"Republic of China†, causing conflict with the People’s Republic of China, which refused to participate until 1980. Taiwan thereafter, competed with the official name â€Å"Chinese Taipei†. In fact, the next Olympic Games will be held in 2008 at Beijing. China is now busy in its preparation as 2008 Olympics host. Countries vying to host the Games have to accommodate large numbers of athletes, tourists, and journalists. The growth of the number of people involved in the Games’ celebration is one of the major concerns that organizers continually face. Nevertheless, the Olympics are one of the most awaited and popular major world events today. Ancient Olympics: As the world looks on with anticipation as the years draw nearer (and with great preparation) for the coming of the next Olympic games, one cannot but help to look back from its origin. Despite its popularity, its ancient origins had been shrouded in obscurity. The ancient festivities are quite different compared to the modern version of the Games. It had lesser number of events to compete on.   Foremost criteria for athletes are having the ability to speak Greek, and that only free men were allowed to compete.  Ã‚   Olympia is the official site of every festivity of the ancient Olympic Games, in contrast to the current practice wherein hosts countries differ from every celebration. Despite the accepted tradition that 776 B.C. marked the first Olympiad, it seems reasonably certain that the Olympic Games were instituted prior to that time. But there are various stories about the origin of the Olympics. It is probable that the Olympian festival developed from the custom of holding athletic contests in honor of a god or dead hero. Some believed that the Games might have been closely associated with funeral rites, such as those at the funeral of Patroclus, as described by Homer in the Iliad. Achilles, Patroclus’ best friend, held games for  Ã‚   Patroclus’ honor as part of the funeral service. It included boxing, wrestling, a chariot race, and footrace. Later, they may have been held at regular intervals to honor all who had died within that period. According to the poet Pindar, in the 15th century B.C., Heracles instituted the Olympic Games as a celebration for his victory over Elis and killing King Augeas. Another legend has it that when dissension ravaged Greece, Iphitus was ordered by an oracle to restore the Games. Pausanias, a Greek traveler, tells of a bronze desk in the Heraeum at Olympia, inscribed in the rules of the Games and with the names of Lycurgus and Iphitus. Pausanias also relates that according to ancient archives of the people of Elis, the Game’s founder was attributed to Idean Heracles and was responsible for giving the name to the Olympian contests. The Games started when he challenged his brothers to a footrace at Olympia. Another account, according to Pausinias, relates that Zeus himself initiated the first Olympiad when he contended with his father Cronus for the sovereignty of heaven and control of the world; and that Zeus proclaimed the Games after his victory. Another legend states that the Games was established after the Greek hero Pelops won against King Oenomaus in a chariot race in a bid to marry Oenomaus’ daughter, Hippodamia. Although it is uncertain as to who is truly responsible for the initiation of the Games, Olympia had always been the consistent site where the Games’ events were held. This is not surprising since even before 776 B.C., Olympia had been the site of cult worship for Zeus. It is located far from human residences, majestically overlooked by a hill, and the River Alph flowing through it (a river considered sacred by the Greeks). It was held in midsummer at Olympia in the northwest part of the Peloponnesus where a stadium and a temple to Zeus were built on the eastern and northern banks of the rivers Alpheus and Claudeus. During the Hellenic era this sanctuary became the symbol of the Greek’s devotion to physical beauty and the training of mind and body to the highest state of coordination. The ancient Olympics had four types of races. First type of race requires runners to sprint the full length of the stadium, about 192 meters long. This is called a STADION. The second type is called a 2-STADE race, about 384 meters. Then there were races, which entail its competitors to run wearing armor in 2 or 4- STADE. It is good to note that a standard armor at this time could weigh as much as 50 to 60 lbs. Though this might seem ridiculous for modern standards, but the Greeks were particularly concerned with improving its chances over battles. Greeks have made use of the Games as an opportunity to help build the speed and endurance among its men when they are called to render military service (â€Å"Ancient Olympic Games†). By 724 B.C., diaulos was introduced. Later, the dolichos was added which require 12 laps. Perhaps one of the major reasons for emphasizing running in the events could also be related to the Greek’s idea that excellent soldiers possess good speed and stamina. An all-power race, called Pancreaton, combines all kinds of physical attack. The tremendous importance of the Olympic Games dates from the sixth century B.C. when Sparta attained preeminence among the Greek states. At first Pisa, a city-state was in control of the Olympic Games, but Elis, a neighboring city-state to the North, had usurped control by 572 B.C. In time, Olympia became the center of a federation, and the Games began to achieve a more than local significance. Powerful Sparta formed an alliance with Elis; and thus it came about that Elis controlled the religious aspects of the Olympic festival, while Sparta was the official â€Å"protector† of the Games, spreading its own fame and prestige. It was the political supervisor, enacting and enforcing the â€Å"sacred truce†, which even during wars permitted Hellenes to come from all parts of Greece and the Greek colonies to compete in the great Olympic Games. The Games came to constitute the one international bond that held through all wars and differences. From 776 to  Ã‚   721 B.C., the list of the victors included only the names of Eleans and their neighbors. Later, Megarians, Corinthians, Athenians, and others appear as winners. Religion The ancient Olympics always had a religious element; not only that a myth considered Zeus as the initiator of the Games every festivity was held in his honor. Moreover, Zeus was believed to have a hand over the results of the Games: those he favored were believed to become the victors while athletes who did not will ever have any chances for winning on the competition. Pindar’s victory-ode credits victory among champions to their talents and through the unseen influence of the gods. Cheating and bribery were not alien even those early times, and so those that were caught were fined. The money goes for building projects such as a cult statue of their chief god, Zeus. Grand celebration in Zeus honor is done all throughout the Games. The people would offer sacrifices and Zeus is petitioned to keep off flies from the meat, Zeus being considered the â€Å"averter of flies†. While burnt offerings were given, the temple priest would examine the sacrifices. The priest pronounces great oracles in Zeus honor and continues to give ambiguous prediction of the things to come. Athletes base their chances of winning over the competition through these oracles. As an expression of the Greek’s idea, the Olympic games continued to thrive as a Pan-Hellenic institution. While it would seem distant for modern man how a religious festivity came to be expressed through athletic competition, it must be remembered that Zeus was honored by the Greeks through the harmonious blending of mind and body. Surviving the independence of the Greek states, they continued through Macedonia and Roman times. Cedrenus, a Greek writer of the 11th century, declared that the Olympic festivals ceased to function after A.D. 392. The Tempe of Zeus was destroyed by the Christians or Goths during the reign of Theodosius II, early in the fifth century, being rebuilt as a fort. The statue of Zeus was carted away to Constantinople, where it was ruined in the fire of 476. Prizes The prizes awarded to the victors of the events in Olympic games the crown of olive and the palm branch. These were only of symbolic value. The victors were treated as heroes on their return home; statutes were erected in their honor both in the Altis at Olympia and at home, and they were given a place of honor at all public spectacles. Athletic champions of today are still treated with great honor in their own country as well as earn the respect of others. Pindar of Thebes composed odes in honor of victors, giving adulation even to the point of bringing them close to divine level. Though statues may now be fewer in number, but commercialism of the Games had substituted statues with billboards, magazines, television, and print images of celebrated athletes. They occupy a special place of honor in society and adoring fans ‘idolize’ them. Origin of Prizes Pausanias relates, in his Itinerary of Greece, the origin of the prizes at Olympia: â€Å"In the marketplace, which is in shape very like a brick, is a temple of Aphrodite called the Brick Aphrodite, and a stone statue of the goddess. And there are two pillars, on one of which are effigies of Antiphanes, Crisus, Tyronidas, and Pyrrhias, who are held in honor to this day as legislators for Tegea, and on the other pillar Iasius, with his left hand on a horse and on his right hand a branch of palm. They say he won the horse race at Olympia, when Hercules the Theban established the Olympian Games†¦A crown of wild olive was given to the victor at Olympia†¦Most games have a crown of palm as the prize, and every where the palm is put into the right hand of the victor†¦When Theseus was returning from Crete, he instituted James, they say, to Apollo at Delos, and himself crowned the victors with palm. This was, they say, the origin of the custom, and Homer has mentioned the palm in Delos in that part of the Odyssey where Odysseus makes his supplication to the daughter of Alcinoǘs.†   (â€Å"Olympics†). Politics:    Ancient and modern Olympics have the main purpose of promoting peace, unity among the people of different nations. Messari, an Olympic historian, that the games had played an important role in attaining more unity among nations (D.K. Tandon, noted it. â€Å"The Politics of the Games and the Games as Politics†). However, such good intentions are marred by politics. Politics continue to creep into the Games, even during earlier times. As the Greeks struggled to keep politics out of the Games with little success, so do current Olympic organizers. While the Games was purposed to bring an end or ceasefire all over Greece, and allowing competing participants to travel safely, this was usually not the case. Thucydides gives an account in 420 B.C. when Spartans broke a truce when they attacked a fort and sent off hoplites. The Spartans were castigated by being banned from competing in the Games. During the fifth century, the Sicilian dictators were said to have boosted their political grip by participating in the equestrian event of the Olympic competition. Athletes would try to gain media mileage by commissioning well-known poets to recite odes in their honor, recounting their victories (Dr. S. Instone. â€Å"The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern†). When the Arcadians and Pisatans conquered the Altis, they took it upon themselves to be in charge for the 104th Olympiad. But it was proclaimed invalid by the Eleans when they regained control. Pantarces of Elis was credited not only for winning in horse-race but made a peace treaty with the Achaeans and Eleans, seizing the opportunity to negotiate the release of prisoners on both sides of the war. Herodotus also relates how a wealthy but exiled aristocrat bargained his way back in to his homeland and property by giving his victory over the displeased ruler. Cultural Achievements Through the Games: The Greeks celebrated the excellence of the fusion of mind and body, a reason why ancient Olympics contain not only events whereby participants try to outdo one another through physical strength. Ancient Olympics gave opportunity for Greeks to create long-lasting cultural achievements in various fields such as poetry, sculpture, architecture, and mathematics, a contribution in which the world will always be indebted. Early Greeks had designed and built magnificent structures, which still continue to inspire present-day builders. One of the largest Doric temples in Greece was the temple of Zeus. Designed by the Greek architect Libon, he attempted to create the right proportions between the temple’s height and the distance between columns. This ‘ideal ratio’ can be found in the book Elements, by Euclid. Since part of celebrating Olympic victories usually done by erecting statues of champions, Greek sculptors honed their craft. Their works depicted the natural shapes and muscles of the body in motion. The Discuss Thrower is one of the famous statues made showcasing athletic activity. Poetry flourished through the Olympics as poets express their own admiration towards victors or as some were commissioned to do. Popular poets during this period were Pindar, Simonides, and Bacchylides. Amazingly, the poems outlasted the sculptures and its inscriptions. The poems were recited over and over the passing generations, allowing past victories to be known and remembered (â€Å"The Context of the Games and the Olympic Spirit†). Transition:    The Olympics had ceased to be a religious festival. Originally observed as an honor to Zeus by giving of dedicatory offerings, the people have moved their focus from religious practices to honoring Zeus through athletic feats. There are several factors attributed to this change. One of which is the growth of Greek city-state or ‘polis’. As city-states emerged in various locations, each polis wanted to prove their excellence over the others and consequently, would send their own representatives to prove their supremacy. Such attitude prevailed up to this day as national pride. Countries send off their athletes, and their victories are considered as bringing great honor to their own people. Another cause for the transition is closely related to military training. The Games motivated the men to be physically fit. Furthermore, the Greek’s traditional view that the gods have a hand in helping the victors; the Greeks were claiming the supremacy of their own god, Zeus.    Modern Olympics The reinstitution of the Olympics in modern times is usually attributed to Baron Pierre de Courbertin of France. He proposed the modern Olympic Games in 1892 and in 1894 had helped organize the International Olympic Committee, which has governed the Games ever since. Courbertin became the first secretary-general of the organization. The first modern Games were held in 1896 in Athens, Greece. During the first modern Olympics, medals were awarded to only the top two finishers: a silver medal to the winner and a bronze medal to the runner-up. The winner also received a crown of olive branches, and the runner-up a laurel crown. Competition was in nine sports, and all the athletes were male. In 1900 in Paris the Games were part of the Universal Exposition festivities. For the first time, women took part in the competition, with 11 of the total field of 1,330 athletes. Women competed only in golf and tennis. Britain’s Charlotte Cooper won the tennis singles to become the first woman top medallist. Pres. Theodore Roosevelt used his influence to have the 1904 Olympics in St. Louis to coincide with its World’s Fair. Very few foreign athletes competed because of the difficulty of travel towards the city host. Other than the inaugural Games in Athens in 1896, those in St. Louis drew the smallest number of competitors in modern Olympic history. In 1906 a special tenth anniversary of the modern Olympics was held in Athens, Greece. The large crowd helped bolster the enthusiasm of the host country. However, the Interim, or Intercalated, Games, as they were called, was later declared unofficial, and the results were not retained in official Olympic history. The 1908 Games in London were marred by controversies. It was the 1912 Olympic games in Stockholm, Sweden, which was the most successful in renewing the prestige of the Olympics. The 1st World War interrupted the Games but was reinstated by 1920 in Belgium. Countries that were enemies of Belgium were not invited to participate. Nazi leader Adolph Hitler orchestrated the 1936 Summer Games amidst protests from other countries, especially the United States (â€Å"Olympics†). The political overtones of the Olympics did not lessen with the fall of nazi Germany. In 1956, Egypt, Iraq and Lebanon boycotted the Melbourne Games to protest the Anglo-French seizure of the Suez Canal, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland boycotted as well to protest the USSR’s invasion of Hungary. In Mexico City in 1968, two American black used the victory pedestal to publicize their disdain for U.S. racial policies. In Munich in 1972, Palestinian terrorists massacred 11 Israeli athletes. And in 1976 in Montreal, 33 African nations, to be presented by about 400 athletes, boycotted the Games to protest South Africa’s apartheid policies. The most serious disruptions to the modern Olympics, however, came in 1980 and 1984. Under strong pressure from the Carter administration, the U.S. Olympic Committee voted to boycott the Summer Games in Moscow to protest the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 40 nations followed, including West Germany, China, and Japan, depriving the Soviets of the chief athletic competition and raising doubts about the future of the Olympic movement. Post September 11 attacks had also created greater security problems that organizers and the United States had to contend with. This would entail stricter measures of checking athletes, spectators, and the media as they gather at the event. The Secret Service has employed a tactic of pairing off a local law enforcer with a federal secret service. Local officers would be in-charge of disciplining local troublemakers, while the secret service agent is responsible for looking out for terrorists (B. Howell. â€Å"New Security After 9-11†). As one views over the history of modern Olympics, it is easily noticeable that as the Games bolstered national pride, it also helped to foster politics. The two elements had become inseparable from affecting the Games. References: â€Å"Ancient Olympic Games†. http://www.wucho.com/Ancient%20Olympic%20Events.doc â€Å"Olympics†. Cited in Collier’s Encyclopedia. Vol. 18. 1990. Tandon, D.K. â€Å"The Politics of the Games and the Games as Politics† http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011118/spectrum/main2.htm Instone, S. â€Å"The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern†. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_01.shtml â€Å"The Context of the Games and the Olympic Spirit†. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/spirit.html â€Å"Olympics†. Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 20, 1994. Howell, Brennan. â€Å"New Security After 9-11†. Tiger Times. Issue Five. http://www.chagrin-falls.k12.oh.us/CFHS/newspape/m02_issu/metro/metro18.html

Implications of cctv surveillance in society

Implications of cctv surveillance in society Implications of CCTV Surveillance in Society Introduction Surveillance as equated in the Oxford Dictionary; Supervision, close observation, [and] invigilation of individuals who are not trusted to work or go about unwatched (Fowler and Fowler 1964: 1302). Surveillance has become a part of society and seems to be everywhere. People are supervised by many different methods every day. Being a huge part of society, surveillance is continuously discussed in both the public and private sectors. Being such a widely debated topic in society today, the implications and complications it brings to the everyday life are only one of the main areas of focus in many discussions. This article concludes of how surveillance affect the society by looking at fewer aspects linked to surveillance. One of the reasons why surveillance causes implications in social life is because it is everywhere; the idea of surveillance is transformed from one simple idea of keeping an eye on ones not trusted to another as technology continued to develop further. When one thinks of surveillance, first thought that comes up would be CCTV (Close Circuit Television) because it is most common and well-known type of surveillance that is widely used, but surveillance goes a lot further then just CCTV. In fact, CCTV itself is a broad subject to consider for study. The following discussion is mainly based upon CCTV surveillance while taking a glance at different types of surveillance techniques and how they cause implications to social life of society CCTV Surveillance is a broad topic and CCTV is not the only surveillance that is watching over the society, other techniques such as Biometrics, Mobile Phones, and Phone tapping, Local Area Networks (LAN) and workplace surveillance also adds to the surveillance. It is believed though that it is CCTV in general that tends to concern society. This is mainly due to the number of CCTV cameras installed in town centres across the UK and the cost of having them and keeping them running, partially because the idea of being watched 24/7 leaves society a very little chance to socialize privately. In January 2000, Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the expansion of CCTV network in England with the input of an enormous ÂÂ £150 million of public money (Parker, 2000). Before the expansion, there were already 1.3 million CCTV Cameras throughout the nation keeping an eye on society and public in restaurants, parks, streets, malls and other public places. Parker stated that the expansion was rising at the rate of 20% a year with the number of CCTV cameras watching us a year in the United Kingdom. A recent study obtained by London Liberal Democrat Justin Davenport due to the freedom of information act, the study showed that the average cost of keeping these cameras running is believed to be around ÂÂ £20 million per year and over the past decade. Over ÂÂ £200 Million has been spent on CCTV cameras in London only. The shocking factor that comes to mind is that this study was just based within the city of London. The total bulge sum of the whole nation would be signific antly higher which is paid out from the taxpayers money. Another Research carried out by London Evening Standards showed that up to 90 per cent of CCTV installations fail to comply with the Information Commissioners UK CCTV code of practice, yet they are still there keeping a watch over the city. Obviously the reason given for this was to control crimes and vandalism across the nation, but as years passed. The cameras installed came to be used as trackers and to keep an eye on any suspicious characters within the society. Parker said that any average working men would be seen by over 300 cameras a day in any big city in the United Kingdom. Stated example of someone leaving home in the morning for work till they get back home in the evening is being used to support Parkers example. But it doesnt stop there, after being at home, any activities such as talking on the phone or surfing the web on the laptop or mobile phone would carry on being surveillance. This can be due to the security of the nation but knowing of being innocent and still being watched 24/7 would just feel wrong. It is claimed that surveillance is there for security to reduce crime, to keep a watch over public places and for safer working environment in work places, it is there to keep track of a criminal or suspects or even to capture a crime-taking place. Nevertheless, as much as CCTV Surveillance claims to bring reduction to crime levels, there has not been definite evidence to support such claims. The reduction is there but may not be as high as claimed because it is easy to move out of sight of the unforgiving eye, and according to Professor Ditton of the Scottish Centre for criminology closed CCTV camera system in town and city centres have failed to match their anti-crime expectations (Parker, 2000). The term for surveillance being everywhere is known as Routine surveillance which is a part of residential areas, schools, road traffic, car park and petrol stations, telephone booth and cash machines, railway stations, retail and commercial, hospitals, stadiums and police surveillance (Norris and Armstrong, 1999). Generally, Being under surveillance and being under watch would create unsecure feeling for any individual but Parker stated that 72% of the people do not object but parker did not fail to mention that the same amount of public are worried that the cameras could easily be abused in the hands of the wrong people(Parker, 2000). A very notorious example of CCTV Technology being misused happened in London outside Harvey Nicholls store. The cameras are designed to go in close to observe suspicious characters and shoplifters but in this case, it was used to look closely at Lady Diana, Princess of Wales. The operator captured the footage while Lady Diana was leaving the store and the tape discovered later in a desk drawer. The footage was a close up shot of her appealing figure and the operator was lingering over her for almost over a minute (Norris Armstrong). Such events like this would remind the society that the CCTV may be there for a good reason but its operator can never be trusted with all that power and reach. It is said in many comic books and movies that with great power, comes great responsibility (Spiderman, 2002; Stan Lee), and its events as such that discourages the society towards the idea of CCTV. Parker in Total Surveillance, 2000 has given many other similar examples. CCTV is widely discouraged however events such as Last moments of Lady Diana, Princess of Wales were captured by CCTV has affected the attitudes and encouraged the belief of CCTV surveillance not be a bad thing after all. Small 2-minute footage of Lady Dianas last moments was uploaded on You Tube (Probably the biggest Social Self Broadcasting website in the world) roughly in 2008. The footage has then been watched all over and across the world and showed on the news channels on TV. You Tube itself has had almost 300,000 views in less than two years of its upload date. When such tragic things happen to anyone, the footage that is recorded by the near CCTV camera becomes the last source of that persons moments. The footage can then be looked at and analysed by the police for investigation to bring justice, but the same footage can also be the last sight of that person to be seen by their family. CCTV Surveillance; first discovered in early nineteenth century (Holtzman, 2006) but since then, it has gone through a vast amount of improvements as seen in todays CCTV cameras and systems. CCTVs were mainly used by military and army forces but it was later on when CCTV made its entry within workplaces. It wasnt till later when government decided to introduce them to keep an eye on society and public. In 2000, more than half of the UK workforce was being monitored at the highest levels, even places like rest rooms, cafe area and restaurants that are far away from the actual working area were under watch. Workplaces came under surveillance for many reasons such as to protect the premises from vandalism, theft, drugs and physical abuse towards other employees and also to keep an eye on all the employees working to enable the employer to see what they are doing. Such environment and atmosphere can be illustrated as untrustworthy environment where there would be no such thing as trust. Later after CCTV, other surveillance techniques came within the working force, techniques such as; e-mail scanning, tapping telephone conversations, voicemail and computer file scanning, unseen Desktop surveillance that records individual workstation activities. If that was not already enough, companies started installing software to keep track of the internet usage by every individual employee. It would gather information such as websites visited, time spent on each website and the same would go for telephone conversations to what number and for how long. According to Parker, the reason organisations gave for taking away the remaining personal space while at work fell into following four categories; To ensure employee health, safety and protection (from abuse or violence); To guard against theft of goods, information and trade secrets; To monitor employees performance, attitude and demeanour; To gather evidence in support of court action arising out of any of the above three reasons. Communication The email scanning and communication surveillance came into action because information was being transmitted through emails, faxes and phone calls. Important documents started going missing and eventually it became efficient to have such systems available on workplaces for the good of the business. Such systems were first installed by banks and building societies due to their assets of information contained within about their customers. If such information was to end up in wrong hands then the company would have to pay the liability and to avoid being in such situations, companies took drastic measures. A very recent catastrophic event occurred on November 2009 within a leading mobile phone company T-Mobile, where an employee stole vital customers data and sold it to rival networks in UK; the Guardian newspaper stated this even as Employee Data Theft Leads To U.K.s Largest Data Breach; The employee sold millions of customer records to data brokers. It is events and crimes as such com mitted by few people in society that leads to generation of new laws. Laws today states that every organisation (big or small) is required to keep a record of CCTV and communication surveillance to and from business for minimum of 12 months in case of further requirement by officials and government authorities as evidence if required, (Lyon, 2002). It is acceptable that the entire span of communication is under surveillance for national security to locate and track any possessed threats but it is believed that almost 98% of communication made across the work is personal and private without conflicting any threat and it is only that 2% of communication that may possess a threat to the national security but that is maybe if not due to misunderstanding. All the factors about communication surveillance are part of workplace surveillance and the mostly monitored factor would be electronic mail surveillance within workplaces. But added factors such as ID Cards and Biometric Surveillance are also part of workplace surveillance which tends to affect the privacy issues. Information about every employee that works at the firm would have to give their biometric details to their employer. This varies from finger prints, eye retina scan, internal nerve scan, palm scan and further more if the firm is working with higher valued assets and critical information. This is for the sake of security of both; the firms assets and employees. But having the control of the surveillance systems could determine the power relations in the workplace which could lead to being blackmailed and kept under pressure for the mistakes made. It is an advantage for having a system in place but it could be used for many other purposes such as finding out details about s omeone without being authorised. Factors about CCTV Surveillance A very well illustrated study carried out in the United States of America by Norris and Armstrong has showed and produced many different approaches made towards the surveillance of society. As people are being surveillance, they are being split into categories and Clive has shown them in very well illustrated tables in Chapter 6 of The Maximum Surveillance Society; The Rise of CCTV. As technology became more advance, the reach of CCTV went further which caused the split in public being watched over. Operators started concentrating on certain types of people within the society. Certain types of people were being watched over more than others. This could be due to the age, sex, attitude, attire or even skin colour. In Clives research, it is shown that only 35% of white people were being surveillance for no obvious reason where as 68% of black population was being watched over for no obvious reason. It is main factors like such and the cost of keeping the systems running that tends to c ause implications within the society and public. Spy Being looked over all the time would conceive meaning of personal space and privacy being invaded while conserving any remaining personal space for socialising. As much as one wants a little bit of privacy, it would be hard to get in todays informatics age. Every aspect and portable technology that public carries around such as mobile phones and portable computers are linked to the global network which can be or is being monitored and analysed 24/7. A very recently discovered spy base in North Yorkshire THE MENWITH HILL SITE is known to be the biggest spy base in the world, it belongs to the Americans but very little is known about what happens at the base and what is being looked after. In a documentary Counterblast: The death of Privacy in 2000 on BBC2 by Simon Davies. Davies discovered that all form of communication made (in the UK or the World is yet unknown) passes through the Menwith Hill after being analysed by computer for suspicious content. The same is believed today as ver y little is known about it but it is certain that there are dozens of comparable sites across the world that carries out such procedures for national security. (MI5, MI6 and any intelligence institutes are all categorised under SPY) Other Surveillances As the technology improved further over the years, the government had installed Auto Recognition Software features in most CCTV cameras across the nation, term today known as face recognition and other recognition type such as Number plate recognition on roads. The government had to pay a little price for implementing this features but it is the public that had to pay the bigger price for taking away their own privacy. Hence the system would help them keep track of anyone travelling from one point to another. The technology was developed to be used for public safety but now it has been prioritised towards the national security so public is being watched and analysed to look for any threats possessed. Technology is now advancing onto implementation of a little device into human body that would carry every single detail about an individual. It would contain the financial data, health record and all the other details. This device has been tested and is already being used few countries and clubs (You tube) and not so long till it becomes essential requirement for everyone in the society. Conclusion It is fairly obvious to guess where the world is going with surveillance, the legislations, laws, and government are only adding to whats already there without realising that whatever there is, it is quiet enough. At the rate the CCTV Surveillance is growing, it can be predicted that there will be a time where public will not go unnoticed by the watchful eyes of government and authorities. This is only going to cost more to the society and it will be the society that will have to pay the government to add the discomfort to the social lives. Government have to pay lower price for such implementation of technology and systems but it is the public that have to pay back twice as much by letting their personal privacy being taken away from them, which is the price that public pays. The more systems are being implemented, the more data gets stored and the information asset gets bigger by day, which if falls in wrong hands then the damage could be unimaginable. The surveillance is always going to grow further with new technology and features and it is that particular idea of having the power that spoils even the nicest of human being intentions. It would be very hard to trust the reach and control of these systems but if safety is needed and required in society then these are the factors that have to be accepted without any exceptions. The answers are there but its up to the society if whether or not they want some of the privacy or nothing at all. Complete safety and no privacy or a little bit of both. REFERENCES: Davies, S. (2000) Counterblast The death of privacy, BBC2 Holtzman, D.H. (2002) Privacy Lost, How technology is endangering your privacy Hosein, G. (2004) Privacy and or as Freedom Introna, L.D. (2000) Workplace Surveillance, Privacy and Distributive Justice, Computers and Society. University of Lancaster, UK Lyon D. (2003) Surveillance as Social Sorting (Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination) Lyon, D. (2002) EVERYDAY SURVEILLANCE, Personal data and social classifications Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. (2000). The Maximum Surveillance Society. The Rise of CCTV Parker, D. (2000) Total Surveillance (Investigating the BIG Brother world of E-Spies, Eavesdropping and CCTV) Rule, J. (1973), Private Lives and Public Surveillance. THE GUARDIAN NEWSPAPER WEBPAGE (2009) T-Mobile confirms biggest phone customer data breach [WWW] Available from:http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/nov/17/t-mobile-phone-data-privacy THIS IS LONDON (2007) Most CCTV cameras are illegal, watchdog claims [WWW] Available from: news/article-23398834-most-cctv-cameras-are-illegal-watchdog-claims.do THIS IS LONDON (2007) Tens of thousands of CCTV cameras, yet 80% of crime unsolved [WWW] Available from: news/article-23412867-tens-of-thousands-of-cctv-cameras-yet-80-of-crime-unsolved.do

The Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakes

The Foils of Laertes and Fortinbras in Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare wrote the classic play, Hamlet in the sixteenth century.   Hamlet would be a very difficult play to understand without the masterful use of foils.   A foil is a minor character in a literary work that compliments the main character through similarities and differences in personality.   The audience can identify similarities and differences between any of the characters and Hamlet, however, there are two characters that share so much in common with Hamlet that they have to be considered the most important foils in the play.   These two characters are Laertes and Fortinbras.   It is the great similarities between Laertes, Fortinbras, and Hamlet that make the differences so obvious and therefore help to shape the character of Hamlet.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laertes is the most noticeable foil for Hamlet, because of his continual direct involvement in the play.   Laertes and Hamlet have many things in common.   Laertes and Hamlet are both educated men with a high social standing.   Hamlet is the prince of Denmark and Laertes is the son of Polonius, Lord Chamberlain.   Both Hamlet and Laertes desire revenge for the death of their fathers.   Claudius murdered Hamlet's father and Hamlet killed Laertes' father.   Hamlet and Laertes both had an undying love for Laertes' sister Ophelia.   Laertes showed his love for his sister when he warned her about seeing Hamlet.   Laertes knew that as head of the state Hamlet would be unable to choose who he married and that Ophelia would be hurt if she fell in love with him.   Hamlet had an undying love for Ophelia despite his actions and words toward her in Act III.   He shows this at Ophelia's burial when he proclaims that his love for h.. . ...one as important as that which he shares with Laertes and Fortinbras.   Both Laertes and Fortinbras, although in different ways, provided the admiration and pity needed to make Hamlet the tragic hero he was.    Sources Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. "Introduction." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 1-10. Findlay, Alison. "Hamlet: A Document in Madness." New Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York: AMS Press, 1994. 189-205. Goldman, Michael. "Hamlet and Our Problems." Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Hamlet. Ed. David Scott Kaston. New York City: Prentice Hall International. 1995. 43-55 Rose, Mark. "Reforming the Role." Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128